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Ibeatb's  flDctoern  language  Series 

ELEMENTS  OF 

GERMAN    GRAMMAR 

FOR  REVIEW 


BY 


M.  H.\HAERTEL 


WHILE   ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR   OF   GERMAN  IN  THE   UNIVERSITY 
OF  WISCONSIN 

AND 

G.  C.  CAST 

WHILE  INSTRUCTOR  IN  GERMAN  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  WISCONSIN 


D.    C.   HEATH   &   CO.,   PUBLISHERS 

BOSTON        NEW  YORK        CHICAGO 


R££lacinc 


Copyright,  1917, 
By  D.  C.   Heath  &  Co. 


2  K  I 


PRINTED  IN  U.  S.  A. 


PREFACE 

The  present  volume  is  not  intended  to  be  a  complete 
German  grammar  or  to  replace  the  many  excellent  grammars 
or  books  for  beginners  now  on  the  market.  Its  primary 
object  is  to  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  student  in  reviewing  the 
grammar  during  the  second  year,  to  focus  his  attention  upon 
the  essentials,  and  to  impress  these  firmly  upon  his, mind. 
Hence  all  unnecessary  details  have  been  omitted,  and 
matter  of  secondary  importance  has  been  put  in  small  type 
or  in  the  notes.  The  introductory  chapter  on  definitions  of 
grammatical  terms  has  been  inserted  in  the  hope  that  it 
may  relieve  the  teacher  of  German  of  the  time-consuming 
task  of  teaching  the  first  elements  of  English  grammar. 
It  is  hoped  that  the  questions  on  the  various  topics  may 
prove  a  valuable  aid  in  impressing  all  important  points  upon 
the  student's  mind.  The  suggested  exercises  can  and  ought 
to  be  multiplied  and  varied  by  the  teacher,  to  give  the  stu- 
dent not  merely  a  theoretical  but  also  a  practical  knowledge 
of  German  grammar. 

M.  H.  H. 

G.  C.  C. 
The  University  of  Wisconsin, 
July,  1916. 


682 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2008  with  funding  from 

Microsoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/elementsofgermanOOhaerrich 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Definitions  of  Grammatical  Terms i 

The  parts  of  speech 4 i 

Modifications  of  the  parts  of  speech      *4 

The  sentence     8 

The  Article 10 

The  Noun 12 

Gender  of  nouns 12 

Declension      13 

Strong  declension 14 

Weak  declension 17 

Mixed  declension 17 

Proper  nouns 19 

The  Adjective 19 

Weak  declension 20 

Strong  declension      21 

Comparison 23 

The  Numerals 26 

The  Pronoun 28 

Personal     28 

Possessive 29 

Relative 30 

Interrogative      32 

Demonstrative ^ 

Indefinite 34 


vi  CONTENTS 

The  Verb 35 

Tense  auxiliaries  fyaben,  fein,  toerben 38 

Weak  and  irregular  weak  verbs      43 

Strong  verbs 46 

Compound  and  reflexive  verbs 49 

Passive  voice     52 

Modal  auxiliaries 56 

Impersonal  verbs 58 

Use  of  moods 60 

Use  of  tenses 66 

Verbs  governing  dative 67 

Prepositions 70 

Conjunctions 71 

Word  Order 72 

Suggestions  for  Translation 76 

Syllabication 80 

Capitals  and  Punctuation 81 

Questions  and  Suggestions  for  Exercises 82 


DEFINITIONS   OF   GRAMMATICAL  TERMS 

1.    Grammar 
Grammar  is  the  study  of  the  forms,  uses,  and  structure 
of  language. 

THE   PARTS   OF   SPEECH 

2.    Nouns 
i.    A  Noun  is  the  name  of  a  person,  place,  idea,  or  thing: 
man,  Berlin,  truth,  hat. 

2.  A  Common  Noun  is  a  name  that  may  be  applied  to 
any  one  of  a  class  of  persons,  places,  things:  man,  city, 
month. 

3.  A  Proper  Noun  is  the  name  of  a  particular  person, 
place,  or  thing:   Lincoln,  Boston,  May. 

4.  A  Collective  Noun  is  the  name  of  a  number  of  persons 
or  things  taken  together:   army,  herd,  class. 

5.  An  Abstract  Noun  is  the  name  of  a  quality,  action,  or 
state  of  being:  beauty,  reading,  life. 

3.    Pronouns 

1.  A  Pronoun  is  a  word  used  instead  of  a  noun:  he,  you, 
they,  it,  who,  this. 

2.  A  Personal  Pronoun  is  one  that  denotes 

(a)  the  speaker  (First  Person,  /,  me,  we,  us). 

(b)  the  one  spoken  to  (Second  Person,  thou,  you). 

(c)  the  person  or  thing  spoken  of   (Third  Person, 

he,  him,  she,  it,  they). 


2  ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 

3.  A  Relative  Pronoun  is  one  that  refers  to  some  preced- 
ing noun  or  pronoun  (its  Antecedent)  and  connects  clauses: 
who,  which,  what,  that.  The  book  which  lies  on  the  table  is 
mine. 

4.  An  Interrogative  Pronoun  is  one  that  is  used  to  ask  a 
question:  who,  which,  what. 

5.  A  Demonstrative  Pronoun  is  one  that  is  used  to  desig- 
nate or  point  out  an  object  definitely:  this,  that,  these,  those. 

6.  An  Indefinite  Pronoun  is  one  that  designates  or  refers 
to  an  object  or  person  in  a  more  general  or  indefinite  way: 
one,  many,  few,  several,  etc. 

7.  A  Reflexive  Pronoun  is  one  that  refers  back  to  the 
subject:  myself,  himself,  etc. 

4.    Adjectives 

1.  An  Adjective  is  a  word  used  to  modify  a  noun  or  a 
pronoun:  old  house,  this  table.  Adjectives  are  of  two  kinds: 
Descriptive,  old,  white,  and  Limiting,  this,  that. 

2.  The  term  Limiting  Adjectives  includes  the  following: 

(a)  the  definite  article,  the; 

(b)  the  indefinite  article,  a  or  an; 

(c)  the   demonstrative   adjectives,  this,   that,   these, 

those; 

(d)  the  interrogative  adjectives,  which,  what; 

(e)  the  possessive  adjectives,  my,  your,  his,  etc.; 

(f)  the  indefinite  adjectives,  some,  all,  much,  etc.; 

(g)  the   numerals,   both   cardinals,   one,   two,   three, 

etc.,  and  ordinals,  first,  second,  third,  etc. 

5.   Verbs 

1.  A  Verb  is  a  word  that  asserts  action,  being,  or  state  of 
being:   He  runs.     I  am.     The  dog  sleeps. 


THE  PARTS  OF  SPEECH  3 

2.  A  Transitive  Verb  is  one  that  in  the  active  voice  re- 
quires an  object:  He  writes  a  letter. 

3.  An  Intransitive  Verb  is  one  that  does  not  require  an 

object:  I  go.    Birds  fly. 

Note.  —  Some  verbs  may  be  used  either  transitively  or  intransi- 
tively:  He  writes  well. 

4.  A  Regular  Verb  is  one  that  forms  its  imperfect  tense 
and  past  participle  by  adding  -d  or  -ed:  praise,  praised, 
praised. 

5.  An  Irregular  Verb  is  one  that  does  not  form  its  imper- 
fect tense  and  past  participle  by  adding  -d  or  -ed:  see,  saw, 
seen. 

6.  An  Auxiliary  Verb  is  one  that  is  used  in  the  conjuga- 
tion of  other  verbs:  I  have  seen.    We  shall  go. 

7.  An  Impersonal  Verb  is  one  that  is  used  only  in  the 
third  person  singular,  having  it  for  a  subject:  It  rains. 
It  thunders. 

6.   Adverbs 

1.  An  Adverb  is  a  word  that  modifies  the  meaning  of  a 
verb,  an  adjective,  or  an  adverb:  She  sings  well.  The  tree 
is  very  tall.     Don't  run  so  fast. 

2.  Adverbs  of  Place  answer  the  question  "  where?  "  — 
there,  yonder,  above,  etc. 

3.  Adverbs  of  Time  answer  the  question  "  when?  "  — 
to-day,  now,  never,  etc. 

4.  Adverbs  of  Manner  answer  the  question  "  how?  "  — 
fast,  well,  badly,  etc. 

5.  Adverbs  of  Degree  answer  the  question  "how  much?" 
or  "to  what  extent?  "  —  much,  little,  very. 

7.    Conjunctions 

1.  Conjunctions  are  words  used  to  connect  words,  phrases, 
and  clauses:  The  day  was  cold  and  dreary.  The  nations  pray 


4  ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 

for  peace  and  work  for  war.     Philosophers  are  not  men  of 
action,  but  of  contemplation. 

2.  A  Coordinating  Conjunction  is  one  that  connects  ele- 
ments of  equal  rank.     For  illustrations  see  7,  i. 

3.  A  Subordinating  Conjunction  is  one  that  connects  a 
dependent  clause  with  an  independent  clause:  We  arrived 
on  the  mountain  top  when  the  sun  rose. 

8.  Prepositions 

A  Preposition  is  a  word  that  introduces  a  phrase  modifier, 
and  shows  the  relation  of  its  principal  word  (a  noun  or  pro- 
noun) to  the  word  modified:  The  Gulf  Stream  can  be  traced 
along  the  shores  of  the  United  States  by  the  blueness  of  the 
water. 

9.  Interjections 

An  Interjection  is  a  word  used  to  express  strong  or  sudden 
feeling:  oh!  ah!  alas! 


MODIFICATIONS  OF  THE  PARTS  OF  SPEECH 

10.  Modifications  of  the  parts  of  speech  are  changes  in 
form  to  denote  changes  in  meaning  and  use:  man,  men; 
long,  longer;  go,  went.    These  changes  are  called  Inflection. 

11.    Modifications  of  the  Noun 

The  modifications  of  the  noun  and  pronoun  are  Person, 
Number,  Gender,  Case. 

Note. —  Nouns  have  no  distinct  forms  to  show  person,  and  in 
English  only  few  have  forms  to  show  gender.  A  noun  is  usually  in  the 
third  person,  unless  it  is  in  apposition  with  a  pronoun  of  the  first  or 
second  person. 


THE  PARTS  OF  SPEECH  5 

1.  Person.  A  pronoun  or  noun  is  in  the  First  Person 
when  it  denotes  the  speaker:  /,  we;  in  the  Second  Person 
when  it  denotes  the  one  spoken  to:  thou,  you;  in  the  Third 
Person  when  it  denotes  the  person  or  thing  spoken  of:  he, 
she,  it. 

2.  Number.  A  noun  or  pronoun  is  in  the  Singular  Num- 
ber when  it  denotes  one  person  or  thing:  man,  book,  I,  he; 
in  the  Plural  Number  when  it  denotes  more  than  one:  men, 
books,  we,  they. 

3.  Gender. 

(a)  The  Masculine   Gender  denotes  the  male  sex: 

man,  boy,  he. 

(b)  The  Feminine  Gender  denotes  the  female  sex: 

woman,  girl,  she. 

(c)  The  Neuter  Gender  denotes  want  of  sex:   house, 

book,  it. 

(d)  A   noun   or   pronoun    denoting   either   male   or 

female  is  said  to  be  of  the  Common  Gender: 
parent,  child,  I,  we. 

4.  Case.  The  Case  of  a  noun  depends  on  its  use  in  the 
sentence. 

There  are  three  cases  in  English: 

(a)  The    Nominative    Case,    used    in    the    subject 

and  predicate:    His  brother  is  a  soldier. 

(b)  The  Possessive  Case,  used  to  denote  possession: 

Shakespeare's  plays  are  more  frequently  per- 
formed in  Germany  than  in  England. 

(c)  The    Objective    Case,    used    as     object    of    a 

transitive  verb   or   of  a   preposition:  I  met 
the  man  at  his  house. 

Note.  —  In  English  the  noun  has  special  forms  to  denote  case  only 
for  the  possessive  case. 


6  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

12.    Modification  of  the  Adjective 

i.  Comparison.  Adjectives  and  adverbs  are  compared 
to  show  the  relative  degree  of  the  quality  or  quantity 
in  the  things  compared. 

2.  The  Positive  Degree  denotes  the  simple  quality  or 
quantity:  large,  much,  small. 

3.  The  Comparative  Degree  denotes  a  greater  or  less 
degree:  larger,  more,  smaller. 

4.  The  Superlative  Degree  denotes  the  greatest  or  least 
degree:  largest,  most,  smallest. 

5.  In  English  adjectives  and  adverbs  are  regularly  com- 
pared by  adding  to  the  positive  -er  or  -r  to  form  the  com- 
parative, and  -est  or  -st  to  form  the  superlative.  Adjectives 
of  more  than  two  syllables  are  usually  compared  by  means 
of  the  adverbs  more,  most;  less,  least. 

13.    Modifications  of  the  Verb 

1.  The  Modifications  of  the  verb  are  Person,  Number, 
Tense,  Voice,  and  Mood.  The  inflection  of  the  verb  to 
show  these  modifications  is  called  Conjugation. 

2.  The  Person  and  Number  of  a  verb  correspond  to  the 
person  and  number  of  its  subject. 

3.  There  are  six  Tenses;  as  follows: 

(a)  The  Present  tense  denotes  present  time:  I  go; 

(b)  The   Past    (also    called    Imperfect   or   Preterit) 

denotes  past  time:  I  went; 

(c)  The  Present  Perfect  (or  simply  Perfect)  denotes 

action  completed  in  the  present  time:  I  have 
gone; 

(d)  The  Past  Perfect  (or  Pluperfect)  denotes  action 

completed  in  past  time:  I  had  gone; 

(e)  The  Future  denotes  future  time:  I  shall  go; 


THE  PARTS  OF   SPEECH  7 

(f)    The  Future   Perfect  denotes  action    completed 
in  future  time:  I  shall  have  gone. 

4.  Voice  is  that  modification  of  the  verb  which  shows 
whether  the  subject  names  the  actor  or  the  thing  acted 
upon. 

(a)  The  Active  Voice  shows  that  the  subject  names 

the  actor:   The  boy  strikes  the  dog. 

(b)  The  Passive  Voice  shows  that  the  subject  de- 

notes the  thing  or  person  acted  upon:  The 
dog  was  struck  by  the  boy. 

5.  Mood,  or  Mode,  is  that  modification  of  the  verb  which 
denotes  the  manner  of  asserting  or  stating  the  action  or  being. 

(a)  The   Indicative    Mood    states    the   action   as    a 

fact :   The  earth  is  round.     Is  the  earth  round? 

(b)  The   Subjunctive    Mood   asserts   the   action   as 

conditioned,  possible,  desired,  doubted,  un- 
real: Oh,  that  the  war  were  over!  If  he  knew 
more,  he  would  speak  less. 

Note.  —  In  colloquial  English  of  to-day  the  subjunctive  is  almost 
extinct.     In  German  it  is  much  used. 

(c)  The  Imperative  Mood  is  used  to  express  a  com- 

mand or  an  entreaty:  Listen  to  me.  Sing 
for  us,  please. 

6.  The  Infinitive  merely  names  the  action  or  being.  It 
may  be  either  Present,  to  sing,  to  ride;  or  Perfect,  to  have 
sung,  to  have  ridden.  In  either  form  it  may  be  used  sub- 
stantively or  verbally:  To  ride  is  pleasant.  I  saw  them  ride 
home. 

7.  The  Participle  is  a  verbal  adjective.  It  may  be  either 
Present,  Past,  or  Past  Perfect. 

(a)  The  Present   Participle    denotes   the  action  as 
going  on:  going,  singing. 


8  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

(b)  The  Past  Participle  denotes  the  action  as  com- 

pleted: gone,  sung. 

(c)  The  Past  Perfect  Participle   denotes  action  or 

being  as  completed  at  a  time  previous  to 
that  indicated  by  the  predicate:  Having  sent 
him  a  letter,  I  resumed  my  work. 

THE  SENTENCE 

14.  A  Sentence  is  a  group  of  words  expressing  a  com- 
plete thought:  It  is  cold.    Dogs  bark. 

i.  A  Declarative  Sentence  is  one  that  asserts  something 
as  a  fact:   The  sun  shines. 

2.  An  Interrogative  Sentence  is  one  that  asks  a  question: 
Did  the  bell  ring? 

3.  An  Imperative  Sentence  expresses  a  command  or 
request:  Go  home.     Please  tell  me  the  time. 

4.  An  Exclamatory  Sentence  is  one  that  expresses  strong 
feeling  or  emotion:  "How  are  the  mighty  J  alien!  ,: 

15.  A  sentence  consists  of  two  parts,  Subject  and  Predicate. 

1.  The  Subject  denotes  the  person  or  thing  about  which 
something  is  said:  Dogs  bark.      He  is  tall. 

2.  The  Predicate  asserts  something  about  the  subject: 
Dogs  bark.    He  is  tall. 

Note.  —  Both  subject  and  predicate  may  have  modifiers:  Some 
small  dogs  bark  very  loudly. 

16.  The  Object  of  a  transitive  verb  completes  the  meaning 
of  the  verb  and  denotes  that  which  receives  the  action:  He 
struck  the  ball.     I  saw  him. 

1.  The  Direct  Object  denotes  that  which  is  directly  af- 
fected by  the  action:  He  brought  me  a  letter. 

2.  The  Indirect  Object  denotes  that  to  or  for  which  the 
action  is  done:  He  brought  me  a  letter. 


THE   SENTENCE  9 

3.  Certain  intransitive  verbs  and  also  certain  verbs  in 
the  passive  require  a  Predicate  Noun  or  Predicate  Adjective 
to  complete  their  meaning  by  defining  or  describing  the 
subject:  He  is  an  old  soldier.  This  cat  is  black.  Our  friend 
was  chosen  chairman. 

17.  1.  A  Simple  Sentence  is  one  that  expresses  one 
thought  and  has  but  one  subject  and  predicate,  either  of 
which  may,  however,  be  compound:  The  weather  is  fair. 
Man  and  beast  alike  suffered  from  cold  and  longed  for  spring. 

2.  A  Compound  Sentence  is  one  that  contains  two  or 
more  statements  of  the  same  rank:  The  sun  is  93,000,000 
miles  from  the  earth,  but  the  stars  are  much  more  distant. 

3.  A  Complex  Sentence  is  one  that  contains  at  least  one 
independent  clause  (statement)  and  one  or  more  dependent 
clauses:    His  friends  went  home  when  the  moon  rose. 

4.  An  Independent  Clause  is  one  that  can  stand  alone  and 
does  not  qualify  or  limit  another  statement:  His  friends  went 
home. 

5.  A  Dependent  or  Subordinate  Clause  is  one  that  cannot 
stand  alone;  it  qualifies  or  limits  some  other  statement: 
This  is  the  place  where  the  deed  was  done. 

6.  Dependent  clauses  are,  according  to  their  use,  desig- 
nated as: 

(a)  Adverbial    Clauses,    It    was    raining    when    we 

arrived; 

(b)  Adjective  Clauses,  I  do  not  recall  the  day  on 

which  I  saw  him; 

(c)  Noun  Clauses,  We  saw  that  night  was  falling. 


* 


GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

THE   ARTICLE 
The  Definite  Article 


18. 


Declension. 

Singular 

Plural 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M.  F.  N. 

Nom.     ber 

bte 

ba3 

bte 

Gen.      beS 

ber 

beS 

ber 

Dat.      bent 

ber 

bent 

ben 

Ace.      ben 

bte 

bag 

bte 

19.  Contractions.  The  most  common  contractions  of  the 
definite  article  with  prepositions  are  the  following: 

am  =  an  bent  tnt  =  in  bent 

an$  =  an  bag  in$  =  in  ba& 

auf$  =  auf  bag  bom  =  Don  bem 

betm  =  bet  bem  gum  =  gu  bem 

burd)8  =  burd)  ba8  gur  =  gu  ber 
furs  =  fur  ba$ 

20.  Use  of  the  Definite  Article.  The  use  of  the  definite 
article  closely  resembles  the  use  of  the  definite  article  in 
English.  The  following  exceptions  to  this  should,  however, 
be  noted.    In  German  the  article  is  used: 

i.  With  nouns  used  in  the  generic  or  general  sense: 
£)er  Sftenfdj  tft  fterbltdj,  Man  is  mortal. 

2.  With  names  of  the  seasons,  months,  days  of  the  week, 
the  points  of  the  compass :  ber  Winter,  ber  9M,  ber  Sftontao,, 
ber  •iftorben. 


THE  ARTICLE 


ii 


3.  With  names  of  streets,  proper  names  preceded  by  an 
adjective,  and  masculine  and  feminine  names  of  places: 
in  ber  grtebridjftrafee,  ba%  fcereinte  ©eutfdjlanb,  bie  ©djtoets, 
gretburg  tm  33ret3a.au. 

21.  The  definite  article  is  often  used  instead  of  the  pos- 
sessive adjective.  But  this  is  only  done  when  the  possessive 
relation  is  quite  clear:  (gr  ftecfte  bie  &anb  in  bie  £afdje,  He 
put  his  hand  in  his  pocket.  £)er  53ater  toar  ifmt  geftorben, 
His  father  had  died,  ©ie  Derbanb  tf)m  ben  Singer,  She  ban- 
daged his  finger. 

The  Indefinite  Article 


22. 

Declension. 

Plural  of  fetn 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M.  F.  N. 

em 

cine 

etn 

feme 

eme3 

einer 

emeS 

feiner 

einem 

enter 

einem 

feinen 

einen 

cine 

etn 

feine 

Note.  —  (Sin  has  no  plural.  $ein,  the  negative  indefinite  article,  is 
declined  like  etn  in  the  singular;  in  the  plural  it  is  declined  as  shown 
above. 

23.  Use  of  the  Indefinite  Article.  The  use  of  the  indefinite 
article  closely  resembles  that  of  the  English  indefinite  ar- 
ticle. However,  it  is  omitted  after  at£  and  ofyne,  and  gener- 
ally also  before  an  unmodified  predicate  noun  denoting  a 
profession,  calling,  rank,  party,  or  sect:  2113  $iinftler  tear 
er  nodj  unbefannt,  As  an  artist  he  was  still  unknown.  (Sr  ift 
£ef)rer,  unb  fetn  SBruber  ift  2Ir$t,  He  is  a  teacher  and  his  brother 
is  a  physician,  (gr  ift  ^roteftant,  <So$taIbemofrat,  He  is  a 
Protestant,  a  Social  Democrat,  ©ie  ift  erne  ante  $atf)olifm, 
She  is  a  good  Catholic.  (£m  $bmg  ofme  $6ntgretcf),  A  king 
without  a  kingdom. 


12  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN   GRAMMAR 

THE    NOUN 

24.  It  is  necessary  to  know  the  gender  of  a  noun  be- 
fore one  can  decline  it.  In  English  the  natural  gender 
determines  the  grammatical  gender;  in  German  this  is  not 
ordinarily  the  case.  There  are  no  absolutely  definite  rules 
for  determining  the  gender  of  a  German  noun;  therefore 
the  student  should  learn  each  noun  with  its  proper  defi- 
nite article.  The  German  for  boy  is  not  $nabe,  but  ber 
£nabe. 

25.  Rules  for  the  Determination  of  Gender, 
i.    The  following  are  Masculine: 

(a)  Nouns  ending  in  -er  denoting  the  agent:    ber 

2lr  better,  ber  (Partner. 

(b)  Names  of  days,  months,  seasons,  and  points  of 

the  compass:  ber  SD?ontag,  ber  3unt,  ber  @om= 
mcr,  ber  9corben. 

(c)  Nouns  ending  in  -tg,  -tdj,  -ling:   ber  ^>ontg,  ber 

Xcpptd),  ber  grueling. 

2.  The  following  are  Feminine: 

(a)  Nouns    ending   in   -ct,  -fyett,   -in,   -fett,  -fdjaft, 

-ung;  -te,  -if,  -ton,  -ur,  -tat:  Me  £ef)rerm,  Me 
(5tnf)ett,  Me  greimbfd)aft,  Me  SDhtftf,  Me  9catur,  Me 
Nation,  Me  Cualttat. 

(b)  Most  nouns  ending  in  -e  and  not  masculine  by 

natural  gender,  nor  beginning  with  ©e-:  Me 
2£od)e,  Me  ©rbfee,  Me  SBhime,  Me  (Stdje,  Me 
£tebe. 

3.  The  following  are  Neuter: 

(a)  All   infinitives    used    as   nouns:    ba&    £efen,    ba§ 
©tngen. 


DECLENSION  OF  NOUNS  13 

(b)  Diminutives  in  -djen  and  -kin:  bag  9D?cibd)en,  bag 

grciulctn,  bag  ^mugdjen. 

(c)  Collective   nouns  beginning  with  ©e-  and  end- 

•  ing    in    -e:    bag    ©ebirge,   bag    ©etretbe,    bag 
©ebaube. 

(d)  Most  nouns  in  -ntg,  -fal,  -fel,  -turn:   bag  ©efang.- 

ntg,  bag  9?atfel,  bag  (Sbriftentum ;  but  toe  ^enntntg, 
bte  £ritbfal,  ber  3rrtum,  ber  SKeidjtiim. 

(e)  Names  of  cities  and  most  names  of  countries: 

bag  alte  Slom,  bag   fiibltcfje  granfreidj;   but  bte 
©d&toets,  bte  Xiixtd. 

(f)  Names  of  minerals:  bag  (Sifen,  bag  93fei;  but  ber 

©ta&l. 

DECLENSION   OF   NOUNS 

.  26.    There  are   three   noun   declensions  in   German:     the 
Strong,  the  Weak,  and  the  Mixed. 

27.  The  Strong  Declension  falls  into  three  classes,  ac- 
cording to  the  ending  of  the  nominative  plural.  Class  I 
takes   no  ending,  Class   II  takes  -e,  and  Class  III  takes  -er. 

28.  The  genitive  singular  of  masculine  and  neuter  nouns 
of  the  strong  declension  is  formed  by  adding  -g  or  -eg  to  the 
nominative  singular. 

29.  No  feminine  noun  takes  an  ending  in  the  singular. 

30.  The  dative  plural  of  all  nouns  ends  in  -tt. 

31.  Weak  nouns  add  -en  or  -n  to  the  nominative  singular 
to  form  all  other  cases. 

32.  Mixed  nouns  are  strong  in  the  singular  and  weak  in 
the  plural. 

Note  i  .  —  The  nominative  and  genitive  singular  and  the  nominative 
plural  are  called  the  principal  parts  of  a  noun. 

Note  2.  —  The  last  member  of  a  compound  noun  determines  its 
gender  and  inflection. 


14 


ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 


33. 

General  Scheme  of  Noun  Declension. 

Nom. 

Strong 
Class  I        Class  II 

Class  III 
Singular 

Weak 

Mixed 

Gen. 

— g       — 8  or  eg 

— g  or  eg 

— en  or  n      — g  or  eg 

Dat. 

—        — e 

— e 

— en  or  n      — 

Ace. 

—        — 

— 

— en  or  n      — 

Plural 

Nom. 

LI  *      LAt* 

— er 

— en  or  n      — en  or  n 

Gen. 

(..)           (••)- 

— er 

— en  or  n       — en  or  n 

Dat. 

Hi     % 

— ern 

— en  or  n       — en  or  n 

Ace. 

(•■)             (-)c 

— er 

— en  or  n      — en  or  n 

34. 

Strong  Declension, 

Class  I. 

Singular 

Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 

ber  ©arten 
beg  ©arteng 
bem  ©arten 
ben  ©arten 

bie  £od)ter 
ber  £od)ter 
ber  Jotter 
bie  £od)ter 

Plural 

bag  ©ebaube 
beg  ©ebaubeg 
bem  ©ebaube 
bag  ©ebaube 

Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 

bie  ©arten 
ber  ©arten 
ben  ©arten 
bie  ©arten 

bie  £otf)ter 
ber  £od)ter 
ben  £od)tern 
bie  £od()ter 

bie  ©ebaube 
ber  ©ebaube 
ben  (Stbaubm 
bie  ©ebaube 

i.  The  genitive  singular  of  masculine  and  neuter  nouns 
of  this  class  is  formed  by  adding  -g  (never  -eg)  to  the  nomina- 
tive singular. 

35.    Membership.     To  this  class  belong: 

i.  Masculines  and  neuters  in  -el,  -en,  -er.  Exceptions: 
ber  SBauer,  ber  better,  which  belong  to  the  mixed  declension. 

*  (••)  denotes  that  the  umlaut  is  not  used  in  all  of  the  nouns  belong- 
ing to  this  class. 


bag  ©efyetmnig 
beg  ©efjeimmffeg 
bent  ©efyeimnig 
bag  ®ef)ehnntg 


DECLENSION  OF  NOUNS  15 

2.  The  feminines  Me  Gutter  and  bie  £odjter. 

3.  The  diminutives  in  -djen  and  -lein. 

4.  The  neuters  beginning  with  ©e-  and  ending  in  -e,  and 
the  masculine  ber  $cife. 

36.  Strong  Declension,  Class  II. 

Singular  | 

Nom.  ber©tiu)l  bag  ^ferb  bie  ©anb 

Gen.   beg©tiu)l(e)g  beg  <!Pferb(e)g  ber  £anb 

Dat.   bem@tuf)l(e)  bem  ^3f erb (e)  ber^kmb 

Ace.    ben  <Stuf)l  bag  ^ferb  bie  £>anb 

Plural 

Nom.  bie  ©tiifjle  bie  $ferbe  bie  §cinbe     bte  ©efyehnntffe 

Gen.   ber  ©tiifyte  ber  ^ferbe  ber  £>anbe     ber  ©efyeimniffe 

Dat.    ben  ©tiifylen  ben  "i)3ferben  ben  £>anben  ^>en  ©eftetmntffen 

Ace.    bie  ©tiifjle  bie  ^ferbe  bie  ^anbe     bk  ©efjeimniffe 

1.  The  -e  in  the  genitive  singular  is  optional,  except 
when  the  noun  ends  in  a  sibilant:  ber  £if(f),  beg  £ifd)eg; 
ber  Slufe,  beg  Stuff  eg.  Words  of  more  than  one  syllable 
usually  take  only  -g.  The  dative  of  monosyllables  usually 
has  -e,  especially  when  the  following  word  begins  with  a 
consonant. 

2.  Nouns  ending  in  -nig  double  the  g  before  the  case 
ending :  bag  SSerfyaltntg,  bie  53ert)dltntffe. 

3.  The  majority  of  the  masculines  and  all  feminines  take 
umlaut  when  the  vowel  permits. 

37.  Membership.     To  this  class  belong: 

1.  Most  monosyllabic  masculines. 

2.  Nouns  in  -id),  -to,,  -ling  (all  these  are  masculine), 
-funft,  -nig,  -fat. 

3.  Many  monosyllabic  neuters  and  feminines. 


i6 


ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 


4.   List  of  feminine  nouns  belonging  to  this  class: 

Me  2lngft    anxiety 

biefluft  cleft 

bie  9todjt     night 

bie  2lrt    '  ax 

bie  $rctft  strength 

bie  91af)t      seam 

bie  53cmf    bench 

bte  $tut)     cow 

bie  9lot        weed 

bte  33ruft   breast      V 

bie  $unft  art 

bie  Sftufj       ww/ 

bie  gcmft   fist 

bie  Saug    louse 

bie  ©cm      saw 

bie  grud)ty>w^        V 

bie  £uft     air 

bie  ©djnur  string 

bie  ©cm$   goose       ^ 

bie  Suft     pleasure 

bie  ©tabt    «7y 

bie  ©ruft  vault 

bie  SD^ac^t  wig/?/ 

bie  SBBcmb     wall 

bie  £>cmb   kwd 

bie  SOMgb  waia7 

bie  2Burft    sausage 

bie  §aut    foVfc,  s&iw 

bie  9D?aug  w0w.se 

bie  3imft     gwi/a7 

38.    Strong  Declension,  Class  III. 

Singular 

Norn.     ba&  £orf 

ber  2Mb 

ber  $tod)titm 

Gen.      beg  £orfeg 

beg  2Balbeg 

•     beg  9?eid)tumg 

Dat.      bem  £orfe 

bem  2Balbe 

bem  $eid)tum 

Ace.       ba%  £)orf 

ben  83alb 

Plural 

ben  SRetdjtum 

Nom.     bie  3)orfer 

bie  2Balber 

bie  9tocf)tiimer 

Gen.      ber  £)orfer 

ber  SBalber 

ber  3todjrumer 

Dat.      ben  £)orfern 

ben  2Bdlbern 

ben  Sttetdjritment 

Ace.       bie  £orfer 

bie  SBalber 

bie  9to$tiimer 

1.  In  the  singular  these  nouns  are  declined  like  those  of 
class  II. 

2.  All  nouns  of  this  class  take  umlaut  in  the  plural,  when 
possible. 

39.    Membership.     To  this  class  belong: 

1.  Most  monosyllabic  neuters. 

2.  All  nouns  in  -turn. 

3.  A  small  number  of  monosyllabic  masculines. 

Note.  —  No  feminine  nouns  belong  to  this  class. 


DECLENSION  OF  NOUNS 


17 


40.    Weak  Declension. 


Singular 

Nom. 

ber  $nabe 

bte  SBlume 

bte  Sefyrertn 

Gen. 

beg  $naben 

ber  SBlume 

ber  £ef)rertn 

Dat. 

bem  toaben 

ber  931ume 

ber  £efyrertn 

Ace. 

ben  $naben 

bte  SBIume 

Plural 

bte  £ef)rerm 

Nom. 

bte  $naben 

bte  33 lumen 

bte  £ef)rertnnen 

Gen. 

ber  $naben 

ber  331umen 

ber  £e()rertnnen 

Dat. 

ben  $naben 

ben  SBlumen 

ben  £ef)rermnen 

Ace. 

bte  $nabcn 

bte  93tumen 

bte  £efyrertnnen 

1.  Masculine  nouns  add  -en  or  -n  to  the  nominative 
singular  to  form  all  other  cases;  feminines  add  -en  or  -n 
only  in  the  plural.  Nouns  ending  in  -e,  -el,  -er  add  -n, 
others  -en.  Feminines  in  -in  double  the  n  before  the  case 
ending. 

Note  i  .  —  No  weak  noun  takes  umlaut  to  form  the  plural. 
Note  2.  —  SDer  £>err  takes  only  -n  in  the  singular,  but  -en   in  the 
plural :  be3  £errn,  bie  ^errcn. 

41.  Membership.     To  this  declension  belong: 

1.  All  feminines,  except  those  listed  under  35,  2  and  37. 

2.  Many  masculines  that  denote  living  beings,  a  number 
of  which  end  in  -e:  ber  93urfd)e,  ber  £otr>e,  ber  SDtafd). 

3.  A  number  of  masculine  nouns  of  foreign  origin  accented 
on  the  last  syllable :  ber  ©tubent,  ber  ©olbat,  ber  $anbtbat. 

Note.  —  This  declension  contains  no  neuter  nouns. 

42.  Mixed  Declension. 


Singular 

Nom. 

ber  £)oftor 

bag  Huge 

bag  ©tubtum 

Gen. 

beg  £:oftorg 

beg  Hugeg 

beg  ©tubtumg 

Dat. 

bent  £oftor 

bem  2luge 

bem  ©tubtum 

Ace. 

ben  2>oftor 

bag  2luge 

bag  ©tubtum 

i8 


ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 


Plural 

Nom. 

Me  2)oftoren 

bte  2Iugen 

bte  ©tubten 

Gen. 

ber  £>oftoren 

ber  2lugen 

ber  ©tubten 

Dat. 

ben  3)o!toren 

ben  2Iugen 

ben  ©tubten 

Ace. 

bte  3)oFtoren 

bte  2lugen 

bte  (Stubten 

Singular 

Nom. 

ber  ^cemte  (teamen) 

ba3  §erg 

Gen. 

be3  yiammd 

be3  £>ergen$ 

Dat. 

bem  Harnett 

bem  £>eqen 

Ace. 

ben  9carrten 

Plural 

ba$  £er$ 

Nom. 

bte  Dtanten 

bte  §er$en 

Gen. 

ber  Stamen 

ber  Bergen 

Dat. 

ben  9tamen 

ben  £)ergen 

Ace. 

bie  9?amen 

bte  §ergen 

i.  Nouns  of  the  mixed  declension  are  strong  in  the 
singular  and  weak  in  the  plural. 

2.  Neuter  foreign  nouns  in  -al,  -il  form  the  plural  by- 
adding  -ten,  those  in  -turn  drop  the  -um  before  adding  -tn. 

3.  About  ten  masculine  nouns  whose  nominative  singular 
may  end  either  in  -e  or  -en  have  -en$  in  the  genitive  singular 
and  -en  in  all  other  cases. 

43.  Membership.  As  no  really  helpful  rules  for  member- 
ship can  be  given,  a  partial  list  of  the  nouns  belonging  to 
this  class  is  given  below.  The  nouns  in  -or,  -turn,  -al,  -tl, 
are  not  included  in  the  list. 


bct3  2luge   eye 
ber  93auer  peasant 
baSSBett    bed 
ber  £orn  thorn 
ba3  (Snbe   end 
ba&  ^ernb  shirt 


ber  3ftaft        mast 
ber  9Q?u3fel  muscle 
ber  yiatfybav  neighbor 
ba&  £)f)r       ear 
ber  @ee       lake 
ber  ©taat    state 


ber  <Stad)el    goad 
ber  <Stra()l    ray 
ber  Untertan  subject 
ber  better     cousin 
ber  53orfaf)r   ancestor 
ber  3u\%        interest 


THE  ADJECTIVE  19 

1.    The  masculines  having  -en£  in  the  genitive  are: 

ber  grteben    peace  ber  (befallen  favor        ber  ^ame  name 

ber  gunfen    spark  ber  ©laube    faith         ber  ©ame  seed- 

ber  ©ebanfe  thought        ber  §aufen    heap         ber  SBtlle    wi// 

Note.  —  This  class  contains  no  feminine  nouns. 

44.  General  Statement  Covering  Use  of  Umlaut.  Weak 
and  mixed  nouns  never  take  umlaut  in  the  plural.  Nouns  of 
the  third  class  always  take  it.  In  class  II  monosyllabic  mas- 
culines usually  and  feminines  always  take  umlaut.  In  class 
I  the  feminines  and  about  twenty  masculines  take  umlaut. 

45.  Declension  of  Proper  Names.  Proper  names  form 
the  genitive  singular  by  adding  -3  without  apostrophe: 
®axl$,  Partes,  £>eutfd)lanb3.  When  preceded  by  the  definite 
article,  they  take  no  ending:  bie  2Berfe  be$  jungen  ©djttler. 
When  preceded  by  an  adjective,  the  definite  article  must 
always  be  used  with  proper  names. 


THE    ADJECTIVE 

46.   There  are  two  kinds  of  adjectives: 

The  definite  article,  the  indefinite  article,  the 


1.   Limiting 


possessive,    the   demonstrative,    interroga- 
tive,   and   indefinite   adjectives,    and    the 
numerals.     See  4,  2. 
2.  Descriptive;  as  gut,  fang,  fdjon. 


Declension  of  Adjectives 

47.  When  we  speak  of  adjective  declension  or  comparison, 
we  refer  to  descriptive  adjectives  only.  Limiting  adjectives 
have  their  own  declension. 

48.  Adjectives  are  not  inflected  when  used  as  predicate 


20 


ELEMENTS   OF  'GERMAN   GRAMMAR 


adjectives:    Qa.%  i8ud)  tft  rot,  or  when  used  appositively,  as 
„9t"o3lein,  9?b3lein,  9?o3letn  rot." 

49.  Adjectives  are  inflected  when  they  precede  the  noun 
they  modify  (this  noun  may  be  expressed  or  understood), 
and  when  used  as  nouns:  ba%  rote  23ud),  bie  gelbe  SBlume  unb 
bie  loetfee,  (Sin  ©djtoarger  toar  fjter. 

50.  A  qualifying  adjective  can  be  inflected  either  weak 
or  strong.  Whether  an  adjective  should  be  inflected  weak  or 
strong  in  any  given  instance  depends  entirely  on  what 
precedes  it. 

Rule.  If  a  limiting  adjective  with  a  "  distinctive  end- 
ing "  precedes  a  descriptive  adjective,  the  latter  is  inflected 
weak,  otherwise  it  is  inflected  strong. 

Note.  —  A  Distinctive  ending  is  one  that  shows  the  gender,  number, 


and  case  of  the  following  noun 

.     See  53  and  55  note. 

51.   Weak  Declension 

Singular 

Nom. 

ber  lange  SBletfttft 

bie  alte  geber 

ba$  neue  $letb 

Gen. 

be3  langen  SBletfttfteS 

ber  alten  geber 

be6  neuen  JHetbeS 

Dat. 

bent  langen  SBleifttft 

ber  alten  geber 

bent  neuen  $leib(e) 

Ace. 

ben  langen  SBletftift 

bie  alte  geber 

Plural 

ba3  neue  $letb 

Nom. 

bie  langen  SBleifttfte 

bie  alten  gebern 

bie  neuen  £letber 

Gen. 

ber  langen  SBletfrifte 

ber  alten  gebern 

ber  neuen  $Ietber 

Dat. 

ben  langen  SBletftiften 

ben  alten  gebern 

ben  neuen  $leibern 

Ace. 

bie  langen  SBletftifte 

bie  alten  getern 

bie  neuen  $leiber 

52. 

Weak  Endings. 

-e                    -c 

-e 

-en 

-en                -en 

-en 

-en 

-en                -en 

-en 

-en 

-en                -e 

-e 

-en 

THE  ADJECTIVE' 


21 


53.    According  to  rule  given  in  50,  the  weak  endings  must 
be  used: 

(a)  After  all  forms  of  ber,  btefer,  jener,  jeber,  ft)eld)er 

(when  inflected),  ctlte,  berfelbe,  berjemge; 

(b)  After  ein,  fetn,  and  all  the  possessive  adjectives 

(metn,  betrt,  fetn,  unfer,  euer,  iljr,  3br),  except 
where  these  have  no  distinctive  ending;  viz., 
in  the  nominative  singular  masculine  and 
neuter,   and  the  accusative  singular  neuter. 

(c)  After  the  nominative  and  accusative  plural   of 

mcmdjer  and  folder  (even  when  inflected)  and 
also  after  eintcje,  cmbere,  and  betbe,  the  strong 
forms  are  preferred;  elsewhere  the  adjectives 
that  follow  etntge,  cmbere,  beibe,  member,  folder 
require  weak  endings. 


54.    Strong  Declension 

Singular 


Nom. 

Ictncjer  23letfttft 

alte  geber 

neueg  $letb 

Gen. 

lemgett  (eg)  23letfttftes 

*     alter  geber 

neuen  (eg)  $letbeg 

Dat. 

Icmcjem  93letfttft 

alter  geber 

neuem  $letbe 

Ace. 

lanften  33letfttft 

alte  geber 

Plural 

neueg  $letb 

Nom. 

lange  931etfttfte 

alte  gebern 

neue  JHetber 

Gen. 

fancjer  93letftifte 

alter  gebern 

neuer  ^leiber 

Dat. 

langen  SBletfttften 

alten  gebent 

neuen  $letbern 

Ace. 

lange  93letftifte 

alte  gebern 

neue  $letber 

55. 

Strong  Endings. 

Singular 

Plural 

-er              -e 

-e^ 

-e 

-en  (eg)       -er 

-en  (eg) 

-er 

-em            -er 

-em 

-en 

-en             -e 

-eg 

-e 

2  2  ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 

Note.  —  The  strong  endings  of  the  adjective  are  those  of  biefer 
except  in  the  genitive  singular  of  the  masculine  and  neuter,  where  the 
weak  ending  -en  is  generally  used  when  the  noun  ends  in  -g  or  -eg. 
Thus:  fyarten  <Steme$,  alten  £aufe3,  instead  of  fyarteS  ©teineS  and  alteS 
^)aufe6.     (This  is  done  to  avoid  the  repetition  of  the  s-sound.) 

56.  The  strong  endings  are  used  when  the  adjective  is 
not  preceded  by  a  word  with  a  distinctive  ending.  See 
50,  Rule  and  note,  also  53. 

57.  After  the  indefinite  article  em  and  all  words  declined 
like  it,  adjectives  have  the  following  endings : 

Plural  of  fcin 

Nom.  em  -cr  erne  -e  em  -e£  feme  -en 

Gen.   etrteS  -en  etner  -en  etneg  -en  Fetner  -en 

Dat.    etnem  -en  etner  -en  etnem  -en  Fetnen  -en 

Ace.    etnen  -en  etne  -c  em  -e£  Feme  -en 

Note.  —  As  ern  has  no  plural  the  plural  of  fetn  was  substituted  in 
the  paradigm.  Note  that  the  adjective  has  the  strong  ending  when- 
ever em  has  no  ending.  This  is  sometimes  called  the  mixed  declension 
of  the  adjective. 

58.  Two  or  more  adjectives  of  coordinate  rank  preceding 
one  noun  have  the  same  endings:  mem  outer,  alter  ^Better; 
fcfyone,  rote  9?ofen. 

59.  An  adverb  or  numeral  coming  between  the  descrip- 
tive adjective  and  the  limiting  adjective  does  not  affect 
the  inflection:  Me  gtoet  grofeen  $ferbe,  bctS  f$on  lange  oergeffene 
SBort,  em  aug  ©olg  gemadjter  £tfd). 

Caution.  The  inflection  of  the  noun  does  not  affect  the 
inflection  of  the  adjective,  except  as  stated  in  the  note  to  55. 

60.  Adjectives  and  participles  when  used  as  nouns  are 
capitalized  as  nouns,  but  they  retain  their  adjective  inflec- 
tion. Thus:  em  Hlter,  ber  2lfte,  em  (MeFjrter,  ber  ©eletjrte, 
ettoaS  9?eue$,  mcmdjeS  ©ute. 

61.  When  adjectives  are  used  as  nouns,  the  masculine 


THE  ADJECTIVE  23 

singular  usually  refers  to  men,  the  feminine  singular  to 
women,  the  plural  to  either,  the  neuter  singular  to  objects, 
the  young  of  animals,  and  children.  Thus:  ber  $ranfe, 
the  sick  man;  Me  $ranfe,  the  sick  woman;  Me  $rcmfert,  the 
sick  people;  ba$  ©djone,  the  beautiful;  ba&  2llte,  the  old;  ba$ 
$leme,  the  little  thing,  the  little  one,  the  baby. 

62.  Adjectives  derived  from  proper  names  are  not  capi- 
talized in  German  as  they  are  in  English:  ba$  amertfantfdje 
23olf,  Me  enajtfdje  $reffe. 

Note.  —  Adjectives  in  -cr  formed  from  names  of  places  (^Berliner, 
Joiner)  are  indeclinable  and  are  usually  capitalized,  though  at  present 
there  is  a  tendency  not  to  capitalize  them. 

63.  Irregularities  of  Adjective  Declension. 

1.  Adjectives  ending  in  -el,  -en,  -er  usually  drop  the  e 
of  the  final  syllable  before  an  inflectional  ending:  ebel,  em 
ebter  Wlann;  felten,  ba&  felt(e)rte  SBudj;  fetter,  ein  f)eit(e)rer  Xag. 

2.  The  adjective  fyodj  drops  the  c  before  endings  beginning 
with  a  vowel :  ber  SBaum  ift  f)0d),  but  ber  f)of)e  SBamn. 

3.  Before  neuter  names  of  places  Q,ctrt£  and  halb  are  not 
inflected  unless  preceded  by  an  article:  gang  2)eutfd)Ianb, 
fyalb  (gnglanb,  but  baS  gan$e  £)eutfd)Ianb. 

Comparison  of  Adjectives 

64.  Adjectives  regularly  form  the  comparative  by  adding 
-er,  the  superlative  by  adding  -ft  to  the  positive : 

_     ...  _  A.  Relative  Adverbial 

Positive      Comparative  ~         .     .  „         ,     . 

superlative  Superlative 

retdj  reiser  ber  (Me,  ba&)  retdjfte  am  retdjftert 

tief  tiefer  ber  tteffte  am  ttefften 

65.  A  few  of  the  more  common  monosyllabic  adjectives 
have  umlaut  in  the  comparative  and  superlative:  arm, 
armer,  ber  iirmfte,  am  armften. 


24  ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 

i.  List  of  the  more  common  adjectives  having  umlaut: 
alt,  arg,  arm,  grob,  grofe,  bart,  f)od),  jung,  fait,  flug,  franf,  fuq, 
lang,  nab,  fdjarf,  fdjtuad),  fdfotoarg,  ftarf,  toarm,  and  sometimes 
bang,  bumm,  rot,  fromm,  fdfomal. 

Note.  —  Than  and  as  are  rendered  in  German  by  a(3  and  fine 
respectively.  Thus:  He  is  taller  than  I,  (Sr  ift  grower  alS  id).  He  is 
as  tall  as  his  father,  (Sr  ift  (o  arofe  ttue  fetn  33ater.  That  is,  ai$  is  used 
after  a  comparative  and  tt)tc  after  a  positive. 

66.  Adjectives  ending  in  -e,  -el,  -en,  -er  usually  drop  the 
e  of  the  last  syllable  in  the  comparative  but  retain  it  in  the 
superlative.     Thus : 

toetfe  metfer  ber  roeifefte 

ebel  ebler  ber  ebelfte 

felten  felt(e)ner  ber  feltenfte 

better  f)ett(e)rer  ber  fjeiterfte 

67.  Adjectives  ending  in  -b,  -t,  or  an  s-sound  (3,  jj,  fd), 
I,  1j)  form  the  superlative  by  adding  -eft:  furg,  fiirger,  ber 
filrgefte.  This  is  done  to  facilitate  pronunciation.  The 
present  participle  and  the  past  participle  ending  in  -et  are 
exceptions:  bte  retjenbfte  2!u3(tdjt,  the  most  charming  view; 
ber  gead)tetfte  93iirger,  the  most  respected  citizen. 

68.  In  the  superlative  there  are  two  *  forms,  the  relative 
and  the  adverbial  superlative. 

i.  The  Relative  Superlative  is  the  regular  superlative, 
usually  preceded  by  the  definite  article  and  is  used  both 
attributively  and  in  the  predicate:  bte  befte  geber,  btefe  geber 
ift  bte  befte. 

2.  The  Adverbial  Superlative  is  the  superlative  with 
am.  It  is  only  used  in  the  predicate,  never  before  a  noun 
(attributively).  Thus:  £)er  Heine  $nabe  ift  am  fletfetgften, 
but  never,  ber  am  fletfetgfte  $ nabe. 

*  There  is  a  third  form,  the  so-called  absolute  superlative,  cin  after* 
UebfteS  £inb,  cin  aufoerft  intereffanteS  93ud). 


THE  ADJECTIVE  25 

3.  The  adverbial  superlative  may  be  used  instead  of  the 
relative  superlative  in  the  predicate:  liefer  $nabe  ift  ber 
flet&tgfte  or  am  fleifjigften.    ' 

4.  It  must  be  used  when  a  thing  or  person  is  compared 
with  itself  in  different  times,  conditions,  or  places:  Um 
6  Ufyr  trxtr  ber  ©turrrt  am  hefttgften,  At  6  o'clock  the  storm  was 
most  violent.  2ln  ber  Dberflache  roar  ba%  Staffer  am  toarmften, 
At  the  surface  the  water  was  warmest. 

69.  The  rules  for  the  inflection  of  adjectives  apply  to  the 
comparative  and  superlative  forms  as  well  as  to  the  posi- 
tive. The  case  endings  are  added  to  the  comparative  and 
the  superlative  endings.  Thus:  em  dlterer  SJtanrt,  ba$  fleinfte 
£inb,  ber  iiingere  <£>orjn,  em  leurerer  §ut. 

Note.  —  As  an  aid  in  translation  it  is  well  to  keep  in  mind  that  a 
comparative  in  form  is  not  always  comparative  in  meaning.  Thus, 
G?in  altcrcr  SUJann  arbeitete  tm  ©arten  may  mean  an  older  man,  or  a  some- 
what or  rather  old  man  was  working  in  the  garden*  This  is  called  the 
absolute  use  of  the  comparative.  The  same  is  true  with  regard  to 
the  absolute  superlative. 

70.  Irregular  Comparison.  As  in  English,  some  adjec- 
tives are  compared  more  or  less  irregularly: 

grofe             grower           ber  (bie,  ba$)  grofjte  am  grofeten 

gut              beffer             ber  befte  am  beften 

triel              mehr             ber  metfte  am  metften 

Ijodj             horjer             ber  hodjfte  am  hocfyften 

nab              ntther             ber  nftdjfte  am  nad)ften 

.           J  toemger        J  ber  roentgfte  J  am  roemgften 

I  minber         [  ber  mmbefte  |  am  mmbeften 

71.  Periphrastic  Comparison.  In  certain  cases  adjectives 
are  compared  by  means  of  the  adverbs  mehr,  am  metften 
instead  of  the  regular  endings,  as: 

1.  When  the  comparison  expresses  different  qualities  of 
the  same  object  rather  than  different  degrees  of  one  quality : 
£)er  2Ute  ift  mehr  ehrltdj  ate  Hug. 


26  ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 

2.  Adjectives  that  are  used  only  in  the  predicate,  as 
angft,  fetnb,  letb,  fdmlb:  (Sr  tft  mebr  fdmlb  al$  id). 

3.  Frequently  participles:  3)er  fletfuge  33iirger  rotrb  mebr 
geadjtet  al3  feme  ^adjbarn,  The  industrious  citizen  is  more 
respected  than  his  neighbors. 

72.  Descending  Comparison.  A  lower  degree  is  expressed 
by  using  the  adverbs  roeniger,  rntnber,  am  roentgften,  am  mtrt- 
beftert:  SSentger  Huge  £eute  fommen  aud)  burd)g  £eben,  Less 
clever  people  also  get  through  life. 

73.  Comparison  of  Adverbs.  Like  the  positive,  so  the 
comparative  and  the  superlative  of  adjectives  may  also  be 
used  adverbially. 

1.  When  used  as  adverbs,  the  positive  and  the  compara- 
tive are  not  inflected:  3>r  |nmb  lauft  fdmelL  £)a$  $ferb 
lauft  fdmeller. 

2.  Of  the  three  superlative  forms  only  one,  the  adverbial 
superlative,  can  be  used  adverbially :    ©te  fingt  am  fdjonften. 

Note.  —  There  is  also  an  absolute  superlative  of  the  adverb:  (£ie 
fingt  aufs  frijonfte. 


74.    Cardinals.     The  cardinals 

are: 

1  em  (3) 

13  bret$elm 

50  fimfetg 

2  gtoet 

14  uierjelm 

60  fed)gtg 

3  bret 

15  fimfeelm 

70  fteb(en)$tg 

4  trier 

16  fed)3erm 

80  ad)tgig 

5  ftinf 

17  fteb(en)sefm 

90  neungtg 

6  fed)3 

18  ad)tjelm 

100  tmnbert 

7  fieben 

19  neungerm 

101  lumber!  unb  etnS 

8  adjt 

20  smangtg 

121  bunbert  etnunbgtuan^tg 

9  neun 

21  emunbjroanstg 

1000  taufenb 

10  $elm 

22  gtuetunbgroangtg     1,000,000  erne  9fttllton 

n  elf 

30  bretfeig 

12  groolf 

40  trier$tg 

- 

NUMERALS  27 

1.  Aside  from  Imnbert  and  taufenb,  when  these  are  used  as 
nouns  (ba$  §unbert,  ba3  £aufenb),  only  em  is  ordinarily 
inflected.  When  used  as  an  adjective,  it  is  inflected  like  the 
indefinite  article  (22) :  (gr  fyatte  nur  e  t  n  2luge,  He  had 
only  one  eye.  When  used  without  a  noun,  it  is  inflected  like 
an  adjective:  (Sitter  ift  I)ter.  Sine  6  toetfi  id).  3dj  fytbe 
nur  ben  e  i  n  e  n  gefefjen. 

75.  The  Ordinals.  Up  to  twenty  the  ordinals  are  formed 
from  the  cardinals  by  adding  -t:  triert,  gefmt,  ad)tgefmt;  from 
twenty  on  they  are  formed  by  adding  -ft:  gtnanjtgft,  etnunb* 
atoan^igft,  rmnbertft. 

Exceptions :  erft,  brttt,  ftebt  and  ftebent,  adjt. 

1.  The  ordinals  are  used  only  after  the  definite  article  or 
some  pronominal  modifier  and  are  inflected  like  adjectives. 
Thus  we  never  have  gtneit,  brttt,  gtoansigjt,  but  ber  (bte  bctS) 
atoette,  brttte,  jnoangtQfte,  fein  erfter  ©ofm,  ifjr  trierteS  $mb,  ben 
etmmbjtoangtajten  (21.  or  2iften)  Qanuar. 

76.  Fractions  are  formed  by  means  of  the  suffix  -tel 
(£ett)  as  follows:  ba$  £)rtttel,  SSicrtcI,  2W&teI,  Stoanfafttl, 
§unbertftel.  Half  as  adjective  is  fyalb,  as  noun  bte  §alfte: 
em  fjatbe^  ^funb,  half  a  pound,  bte  §alfte  be3  3lpfel$,  half  of 
the  apple.  Also  note  the  forms  anbertfyalb,  one  and  a  half, 
brttt  (e)fyalb,  two  and  a  half,  triert  (e)f)alb,  etc. 

77.  The  ordinal  adverbs  erftenS,  gtoettenS,  brtttenS,  etc.  are 
derived  from  the  ordinals  by  means  of  the  suffix  -en3. 

1.  From  the  cardinals  are  derived  the  adverbs  etnmal, 
gtoetmal,  etc.  by  means  of  the  suffix  -mat,  and  four  kinds  of 
adjectives  by  means  of  the  following  suffixes,  -fad),  -erlei, 
-maltg,  -falttcj:  . 

gtoetfadj,  bretfadj,  geljnfad);  twofold,  threefold,  tenfold, 
gtoeterlet,  breterlet ;  two  kinds  of,  three  kinds  of, 
etnmaltg,  gtoetmaltcj;  ba$  emmaltge  @rfd)einen  be3  ®etfte$,  the 
one  (single)  appearance  of  the  ghost; 
jtoetffiltia,  (gtotefftltig,),  twofold. 


28 


ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 


THE    PRONOUN 
Personal  Pronouns 


78.    Declension. 

Singuh 

ir 

First  Person 

Second  Person 

i 

Third  Person 

M. 

F.                 N. 

id) 

bu 

er 

fie             t$ 

meiner 

beiner 

feiner 

irjrer          feiner 

mir 

bir 

if)m 

it)r            irmt 

midj 

bid) 

Plura! 

irjn 

I 

fie             e« 

roir 

it)r 

fie 

(®ie) 

unfer 

•  euer 

ifjrer 

0f)rer) 

un$ 

eucf) 

irjnen     Ofmen) 

un3 

eucf) 

fie 

(@ie) 

79.  Pronouns  of  Address. 

£)u  (sing.)  and  tr)r  (plu.)  are  used  in  addressing  members 
of  one's  own  family,  young  children,  intimate  friends,  God, 
animals,  and  objects.  ®ie  is  used  in  addressing  strangers, 
acquaintances,  and  less  intimate  friends.  <Sie  is  always 
capitalized  to  distinguish  it  from  fie,  they.  Use  the  bu=form 
in  addressing  persons  whom  you  know  well  enough  to  address 
by  their  given  name. 

Caution.  Do  not  use  two  different  forms  of  address  in  the 
same  sentence,  or  in  speaking  to  one  person. 

Do  not  say,  e.g.,  £rier  ift  3  for  §ut.  2Bi((ft  bu  irut  auffer^en? 
but:  ^rier  ift  bein  §ut.  SStffft  bu  irm  auffet^en?  Just  as  in 
English  you  would  not  say:  Here  is  your  hat.  Wilt  thou 
put  it  on? 

80.  Adverbial  Compounds.  The  forms  of  the  third  per- 
son, when  they  refer  to  inanimate  objects,  are  rarely  used 


THE  PRONOUN  29 

after  prepositions  governing  the  dative  or  the  accusative. 
Compounds  of  the  preposition  with  the  adverb  ba  (or  bar 
before  a  vowel)  are  used  instead:  with  it  =  bamtt,  not  mtt 
tfmt;  for  them  =  bafiir,  not  fiir  fie. 

81.  A  personal  pronoun  referring  to  a  preceding  noun 
must  agree  with  its  antecedent  in  number  and  gender: 
£>ter  ift  em  £)ut.  SBem  gefyort  er?  3d)  fyctbe  rrtetne  geber  toer- 
loren.    £ctft  bu  ftc  gefunben  ? 

82.  Absolute  Use  of  e3.  ($3  is  frequently  used  as  the 
subject  of  some  form  of  fein  without  regard  to  the  gender  or 
number  of  the  predicate  noun  following;  the  verb  agrees 
with  the  predicate  noun.  The  demonstrative  pronouns 
Me3  and  ba$  (98)  and  the  interrogative  pronoun  toeldjeS 
(93)  are  used  in  the  same  way:  (53  ift  erne  9?ofe.  (53 
finb  ftpfel.  £)te3  ftnb  metne  (51tern.  £>a3  toaren  retdje  £eute. 
SSclcfje^  ftnb  bte  beften  SBiicfyer  ? 

Possessive  Pronouns  and  Adjectives 

83.  The  possessives  are  called  adjectives  when  they  modify 
a  noun,  tnein  53ud),  xt)t  ©ut;  they  are  called  pronouns  when 
they  stand  for  the  noun,  £>ter  ift  mem  93ud).  $3o  ift  beine3 
(ba£  beine,  ba3  beintge)  ? 

1.   The  possessive  pronouns  The  possessive  adjectives 

are :  are : 

metner,  mine  mem,  my 

betner,  yours,  thine  betn,  your,  thy 

fetner,  his,  its  fein,  his,  its 

tfyrer,  hers  tfyr,  /zer 

unf(e)rer,  ours  unfer,  0«r 

eu(e)rer,  yours  euer,  yowr 

tfyrer,  l/teirc  tljr,  //*ez> 

3'Urer,  vowrs  (polite  address)  3ljr,  yaw  (polite  address) 


3o 


ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 


84.    Declension  of  Possessive  Pronouns. 


Singular 

Plural 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M.  F.  N. 

metner 

metne 

metneS 

metne 

metneS 

metner 

metneS 

metner 

metnem 

metner 

metnem 

metnen 

metnen 

metne 

metneS 

metne 

i.    When   the  possessive  pronouns  are  preceded  by   the 

definite  article,  they  are  declined  like  weak  adjectives: 
ber  (bit,  ba3)  metne,  betne,  etc.     (See  51.) 

2.  The  forms  ber  (Me,  ba§)  metntge,  beintge,  fetnige,  un frige, 
etc.  are  also  declined  like  weak  adjectives. 

85.  Possessive  adjectives  are  declined  like  the  negative 
indefinite  article  fetn: 


mem 

metne 

mem 

metne 

metneS 

metner 

metneS 

metner 

metnem 

metner 

metnem 

meinen 

metnen 

metne 

metn 

metne 

Note  i.  —  What  has  been  said  about  the  pronouns  of  address,  bit, 
tfyr,  <Ste,  (79)  applies  equally  to  their  corresponding  possessive  pro- 
nouns beiner,  eurer,  3f)rer,  and  adjectives  bein,  euer,  $fyv. 

Note  2.  —  In  the  predicate  the  possessive  pronouns  need  not  be 
inflected  when  they  express  ownership:  £)ct3  93urfj  tft  mem.  2Ba3  mem 
tft,  i[t  aud)  bein.  They  are  inflected  when  they  denote  identity:  <2etn 
9tat  tft  aud)  meitter  (ber  metne,  ber  metntge),  His  advice  is  also  mine.  3)tcfe 
2lnftd)t  tft  aud)  bte  tfyre,  This  opinion  is  also  hers.  3f)r-  (hers,  theirs,  yours) 
is  always  inflected. 

Relative  Pronouns 

86.  The  common  relatives  are  ber  and  toelcfyer.  Both  refer 
to  persons  and  things  and  are  practically  used  interchangeably 
except  that  in  the  genitive  the  forms  of  ber  must  always  be 
used. 


THE 

PRONOUN 

87.   Declension. 

Singular 

Plural 

M.                       F. 

N. 

M,  F.  N. 

ber                 bie 

ba$ 

bie 

beffen             beren 

beffen 

beren 

bent               ber 

bent 

benen 

ben                bie 

bctS 

bie 

toeldjer           toeldje 

roelc^e^ 

toeldje 

(beffen)           (beren) 

(beffen) 

(beren) 

toeldjem          toetcfyer 

toeldjem 

toeldjen 

toeldjen           toeldje 

roelcr)e^ 

roelc^e 

31 


88.  The  relative  agrees  with  its  antecedent  in  gender  and 
number.  The  case  of  a  relative,  as  of  any  noun  or  pronoun, 
depends  upon  its  use:  3)er  9D?cmn,  ber  (toeldjer)  ba&  getcm  fyat, 
ift  mem  greunb.     £)er  SBleiftift,  ben  (tr>eld)en)  id)  fanb,  gefjort  ifym. 

Caution.  In  English  the  relative  is  frequently  omitted; 
in  German  this  can  not  be  done.  The  book  I  have  is  his, 
2)ct3  93udj,  bct3  (h>eld)e3)  id)  fyctbe,  ift  femes. 

89.  Adverbial  Compounds.  The  dative  and  accusative 
of  a  relative  which  refers  to  an  inanimate  object  is  frequently 
replaced  by  a  compound  of  the  adverb  too  (toor  before  a 
vowel)  with  the  preposition:  3)er  ©tufyl,  tooranf  (instead  of 
cmf  bem)  id)  fafj;  bie  geber,  toomtt  (mit  ber)  fie  fdjreibt. 

90.  SBer,  whoever  or  he  who,  and  toa3,  whatever  or  that 
which,  more  commonly  used  as  interrogatives,  are  also  used 
as  relatives.  They  are  sometimes  called  compound  relatives 
because  they  usually  include  their  antecedent. 

j.    Declension. 

toer  toa3 

toeffen  toeffen 

mem 

toen  toa$ 


32  ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 

91.  Use  of  SSer.  SSer  never  has  a  noun  antecedent.  It 
is  chiefly  used  to  introduce  noun  clauses:  2Ber  ©elb  fyat, 
fyat  ftxtunbt.  Its  antecedent  is  usually  implied,  but  it  may  be 
expressed  in  the  form  of  a  demonstrative  pronoun:  2Ber 
liigt,  ber  ftterjlt  and);  He  who  lies  also  steals.  The  antecedent 
must  be  expressed  when  its  case  is  different  from  that  of  the 
relative :  2Ber  einmal  liigt,  bent  glaubt  man  nid)t. 

i.  2Ber  refers  only  to  persons,  one  or  more  than  one, 
takes  its  verb  in  the  singular,  and  is  always  used  in  an 
indefinite  sense. 

92.  Use  of  2&ct3.  2Bct3  refers  to  things;  like  roer,  it  also  is 
used  in  an  indefinite  sense,  but  unlike  roer  it  may  have  an 
antecedent,  though  this  is  always  a  word  expressing  some 
indefinite  idea,  such  as  an  indefinite  pronoun,  a  neuter  ad- 
jective, and  even  a  neuter  noun;  it  also  refers  to  an  entire 
clause  or  idea:  2ttle3,  toa3  er  fagt,  tft  roafyr.  £)aS  tft  nid)t  ba3 
3)ummfte,  roa$  er  gefdjrteben  f)at,  That  isn't  the  most  stupid 
thing  he  has  written.  SDtan  53ruber  fyat  em  £>au3  gefauft,  roaS 
mtr  md)t  gefallt,  My  brother  bought  a  house,  which  (fact)  does 
not  please  me.  But:  Wfltin  93ruber  fyat  ein  §auS  gefauft,  rr»elcf;e6 
(the  house)  mtr  m'cfjt  gefallt. 

Interrogative  Pronouns 

93.  The  interrogatives  are  roer,  roa3,  roelcfyer,  roaS  fiir  ein 
(roa$  fiir  in  the  plu.).  SKer  and  roaS  are  declined  like  the  rela- 
tives roer  and  roa$.  See  90,  i.  28eld)er  is  declined  like  a  strong 
adjective.  2Ber  refers  to  persons  and  roa$  to  things;  they 
are  only  used  as  pronouns.  Sfikldjer  and  roa£  fiir  ein  refer  to 
persons  and  things;  they  are  used  as  adjectives,  though 
roelcfyer  may  be  used  as  a  pronoun.  SSer  fyat  ba$  getcm  ?  2Ba3 
fagten  ©tc  ?  2BeId)er  ift  eg  ?  SBaS  fiir  SBtrnen  (pears)  finb  bag  ? 
9fltt  roeldjer  £>anb  fdjreibt  er  ? 


THE   PRONOUN  33 

Note.  —  $iir  in  ft>a3  fur  etn  does  not  have  the  force  of  a  preposi- 
tion, and  em  is  inflected  as  usual.  Thus:  2Ba3  fur  em  Sfttann  tft  er? 
9Ba3  fiir  einem  Stftann  gaben  <©tc  baS  ©elb?  2Ba3  fitr  etnen  Sftann  fatten 
<5te? 

94.  Adverbial  Compounds.  Instead  of  the  dative,  and 
less  frequently  the  accusative,  after  prepositions  compounds 
of  the  adverb  too  (tuor)  with  the  preposition  are  used.  2Bor= 
iiber  rebete  er?  About  what  did  he  speak?  2Bo$u  fagten  ©ie 
ba3  ?    Why  (wherefore)  did  you  say  that  ? 

Demonstrative  Pronouns  and  Adjectives 

95.  The  demonstratives  are  ber,  btefer,  jener,  fold)er,  ber* 
felbe,  berjemge,  fold)  etner,  em  folder,  fo  einer. 

96.  Declension. 

Singular  Plural 

M.  F.  N.  M.  F.  N. 

ber  Me  bct3  bte 

beffen  beren  beffen  beren,  berer 

bem  ber  bem  benen 

ben  bte  ba$  bte 

Note.  —  As  an  adjective  ber  is  declined  like  the  definite  article, 
but  its  vowel  is  stressed  and  long  in  all  the  forms  except  be3. 

btefer  btefe  btefeS  btefe 

biefeS  btefer  btefe§  btefer 

btefem  btefer  btefem  btefen 

btefen  btefe  btefem  btefe 

1.  ©oldjer  is  declined  like  btefer;  when  it  is  preceded  by 
em  or  fern,  it  is  inflected  like  an  adjective;  when  followed  by 
etn,  it  is  not  inflected. 

2.  £)erfelbe  and  berjentge  have  a  double  inflection.  The 
first  part,  which  is  the  definite  article,  is  inflected  as  such, 
and  the  second  part  is  inflected  like  a  weak  adjective.  £)er* 
felbe,  beSfelben,  bemfelben,  etc. 


34  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN   GRAMMAR 

97.  £)tefer,  this,  the  latter,  denotes  proximity;  jener  {yon), 
that,  the  former,  denotes  remoteness. 

Note.  —  Instead  of  btefeS  the  short  form  bieS  occurs  very  frequently. 

98.  Absolute  Use  of  $>ie3  and  $)a£.  Like  e8,  Meg  and 
bct$  are  often  used  as  the  subject  of  the  verb  fetn  without 
regard  to  the  gender  and  number  of  the  following  predicate 
noun,  with  which  the  verb  agrees.  $)a$  finb  brafce  {well 
behaved)  $tnber.     £)te£  tft  metne  Gutter. 

Indefinite  Pronouns 

99.  The  more  common  indefinite  pronouns  are: 

i.  9Jton,  one,  they,  people:  Sftcm  fagt,  one  says,  they  say, 
people  say  or  it  is  said.  Tlan  is  used  only  in  the  nominative. 
The  other  cases  are  supplied  by  forms  of  em  (etneS,  etnem, 
etnen). 

2.  3emanb,  somebody,  some  one:  Qerrtanb  mufc  e3  tun,  Some 
one  must  do  it. 

Sfttemanb,  nobody,  no  one:  3d)  babe  niemanb  gefeben,  I  have 
seen  no  one. 

3ebermann,  everybody:  £)a3  tft  nidjt  jebermannS  <Ba<$e, 
That  is  not  everybody's  affair. 

These  have  no  plural  and  are  invariable,  except  that  they 
take  an  3  in  the  genitive. 

3.  (SttoctS,  something,  some,  somewhat  (as  adverb):  @$  tft 
ettoa$  gefdjeljen,  Something  has  happened. 

SWdjtS,  nothing:  $d)  babe  ntdjtS  gefagt,  /  said  nothing. 

Both  are  invariable  and  are  frequently  used  before  neuter 
adjectives  used  as  substantives:  ettoctS  ©ute3,  something 
good,  rttd)t3  9tae3,  nothing  new. 

Caution.  Do  not  confuse  ntcfyt,  not  (negative)  and  ntdjt3, 
nothing  (indefinite  pronoun);  nor  jener  (cognate  of  yon), 
that,  and  jeber,  each,  every. 


THE  VERB  35 


THE    VERB 

100.  In  structure  and  use  the  German  verb  closely 
resembles  the  verb  in  English.  It  has  the  following  modi- 
fications: two  voices,  active  and  passive;  six  tenses,  present, 
preterit,  present  perfect,  past  perfect,  future,  and  future 
perfect;  four  moods,  indicative,  imperative,  subjunctive, 
and  conditional;  three  persons,  first,  second,  and  third; 
two  numbers,  singular  and  plural. 

Note.  —  It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  the  student  have  a 
correct  and  real  concept  corresponding  to  each  of  the  various  gram- 
matical terms.    See  introductory  chapter  for  these  general  definitions. 

101.  The  Stem  of  a  verb  is  found  by  dropping  the  ending 
-en  (n  of  tun,  fein,  and  verbs  in  -em,  -ern)  of  the  present 
infinitive:  leben,  leb— ;  fycmbem,  fycmbel- 

102.  The  Principal  Parts  of  a  verb  are  the  present  in- 
finitive, the  third  person  singular  of  the  present,  the  preterit 
(past),  and  the  present  perfect  indicative:  lernen,  er  lernt,  er 
lernte,  er  fyat  gelernt;  fallen,  er  fatlt,  er  ftel,  er  tft  gefallen. 

103.  i.  A  verb  is  said  to  be  Weak  if  it  forms  the  preterit 
indicative  by  adding  -te  to  the  stem,  and  the  perfect  parti- 
ciple by  adding  -t:  loben,  lobte,  gelobt. 

2.  A  verb  is  said  to  be  Strong  if  it  forms  the  preterit 
indicative  by  changing  the  stem  vowel  without  adding 
an  ending,  and  its  past  participle  ends  in  -en:  feben,  fafy, 
Qefefyen. 

3.  An  Irregular  Weak  verb  has  the  endings  of  the  weak 
and  the  vowel  change  of  the  strong  verb:  brennen,  brcttmte, 
gebrcmnt. 

104.  Simple  and  Compound  Tenses.  The  simple  tenses 
—  the  present  (except  present  conditional)  and  the  preterit 
active  —  are  formed  without  the  aid  of  an  auxiliary.     The 


36  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

remaining  four  are  compound  tenses  and  are  formed  by  the 
aid  of  auxiliaries.  Thus :  simple,  id)  gefye,  id)  gtng ;  compound, 
tdj  bin  gegcmgen,  tdj  toerbe  gefyen,  etc. 

105.  An  Auxiliary  verb  is  one  that  is  used  in  the  conjuga- 
tion of  other  verbs.  Auxiliaries  are  of  two  kinds,  tense  auxil- 
iaries: fern,  Ijaben,  ttierben,  and  mood  auxiliaries:  biirfen, 
fonnen,  mogen,  miiffen,  follert,  toolTen. 

106.  Of  the  tense  auxiliaries,  fetn  and  fyabtn  are  used  in 
the  perfect  tenses,  toerben  is  used  in  the  future  tenses  of  the 
active  voice  and  in  all  the  tenses  of  the  passive. 

107.  Rule  for  Use  of  fcin  and  fjabett.  Intransitive  verbs 
denoting  change  of  position  or  condition  take  fetn.  All 
other  verbs  take  Imbcn.  Exceptions:  fetn,  btetben,  gelingen, 
gefdjefyen,  take  fetn. 

Note.  —  Some  verbs  may  take  both  fetn  and  fyaben.  Thus:  2Bir 
finb  in  baS  neue  §au3  gejogen  (intransitive),  We  moved  into  the  new  house; 
but  £)a3  ^ferb  f)at  ben  SBagen  ge^ogen  (transitive),  The  horse  pulled  the 
wagon. 

i.  A  prefix  often  radically  changes  the  meaning  of  a  verb, 
hence  the  simple  verb  often  has  a  different  auxiliary  than 
the  compound.  Thus  geljen  takes  fetn,  while  begefyen,  to  com- 
mit, takes  haben ;  fdjlafen  takes  fyaben,  but  etnfdjlafen,  to  fall 
asleep,  takes  fetn. 

108.  i.  The  Present  Infinitive  ends  in  -en,  except  tun, 
fetn  and  verbs  in  -em  and  -ern.  The  infinitive  may  be  used 
either  with  or  without  gu,  to.  With  separable  verbs  gu  comes 
between  the  prefix  and  the  verb :  cmgufcmgen.  Used  as  a  noun, 
the  infinitive  is  always  neuter  and  is  inflected  like  strong 
nouns  of  the  first  class.     It  has  no  plural. 

2.  The  Passive  Infinitive  is  composed  of  the  perfect 
participle  of  the  verb  and  the  present  infinitive  of  ttierben: 
(§8  fann  ntd)t  uon  tlnu  gefagt  ttierben,  bafc  er  getgtg  ttoar,  //  can- 
not be  said  of  him  that  he  was  stingy. 


THE  VERB  37 

3.  The  Active  Infinitive  frequently  is  passive  in  meaning 
after  the  verb  fetn:  £)er  $nabe  toar  ntdjt  gu  fefyen,  The  boy  was 
not  to  be  seen. 

4.  The  Perfect  Infinitive,  as  in  English,  is  composed  of 
the  past  participle  of  the  verb  plus  the  present  infinitive  of 
the  auxiliary,  but  the  order  is  reversed:  cjelebt  ($u)  fyaben, 
to  have  lived;  gegangen  (311)  fetn,  to  have  gone. 

109.  1.  The  Present  Participle  is  formed  by  adding 
-b  to  the  present  infinitive:  laufenb,  fycmbelnb.  Exceptions: 
tun,  tuenb,  fetn,  fetenb,  both  of  which  are  rare. 

Note.  —  In  general  the  present  participle  is  not  used  as  freely  in 
German  as  in  English. 

2.  When  preceded  by  git  the  present  participle  is  called 
gerundive,  and  is  used  and  declined  like  an  attributive  adjec- 
tive: bte  ivl  lernenben  2htfgaben,  the  lessons  to  be  learned.  Note 
that  it  is  passive  in  meaning. 

3.  When  used  as  adjectives  or  nouns,  participles,  both 
present  and  perfect,  are  declined  like  adjectives.  Compare 
54  ff. 

110.  1.  The  Past  (or  Perfect)  Participle  is  formed  by 
prefixing  ge-  and  adding  -t  to  the  stem:  leb(en),  aelebt. 
Verbal  stems  in  -b  or  -t  add  -et  instead  of  -t,  for  the  sake 
of  euphony. 

2.  The  past  participle  of  strong  verbs  also  begins 
with  ge-;  it  ends  in  -en  or  -n:  ftngen,  gefungen;  tun, 
getcm. 

3.  Verbs  beginning  with  an  unaccented  syllable  do  not 
take  ge-  in  the  perfect  participle.  Such  verbs  are:  those 
beginning  with  the  inseparable  prefixes,  be,  ent  (emp),  er, 
ge,  t)er,  ger;  verbs  in  -teren  and  -eteu:  ergafylen,  ergafylt;  ftu= 
btereu,  ftubtert;  propfte^eten,  propfje^ett. 

4.  In  the  case  of  separable  verbs  the  augment  ge-  comes 
between  the  prefix  and  the  verb :  angefontmen. 


38  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

111.    Conjugation  of  Ija&en. 

Principal  parts :  faben,  er  fat,  er  fatte,  er  fat  gefabt. 


Indicative 

Subjunctive 

Present 

tdj  fyabc 

idj  fabe 

bu  baft 

bu  babeft 

er  (fie,  e$)  f)at 

er  (fie,  e$)  fabe 

nrir  faben 

nrir  faben 

ibr  fjabt 

ibr  fabet 

fie  (@te)  faben 

fie  (@te)  faben 

Preterit  or  Imperfect 

id)  fatte 

fatte 

bu  batteft 

batteft 

er  fjatte 

fatte 

tt)ir  batten 

fatten 

tfyr  fjattet 

battet 

fie  fatten 

batten 

Present  Perfect 

idj  babe  gefabt 

fabe  gebabt 

bu  baft  gebabt 

fabeft  gebabt 

er  fat  gebabt 

babe  gefabt 

totr  faben  gebabt 

baben  gefabt 

ibr  rjabt  gebabt 

babet  gebabt 

fie  faben  gefabt 

baben  gefabt 

Past  Perfect 

id)  fjatte  gebabt 

batte  gebabt 

bu  fatteft  gebabt 

batteft  gebabt 

er  batte  gebabt 

batte  gebabt 

hnr  fatten  gebabt 

batten  gefabt 

ibr  l)atUt  gebabt 

bfittet  gebabt 

fie  fatten  gebabt 

i)attm  gebabt 

Indicative 

td)  toerbe  baben 
bu  hrirft  baben 
er  mirb  baben 


THE   VERB 


Future 


39 


Subjunctive 

toerbe  baben 
toerbeft  baben 
toerbe  baben 


toir  toerben  baben 
ibr  toerbet  baben 
fie  toerben  baben 


toerben  baben 
toerbet  baben 
toerben  baben 

Note.  —  The  subjunctive  forms  are  placed  opposite  the  indicative 
to  impress  upon  the  student  the  formal  differences  between  the  two 
modes.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  tenses  do  not  correspond 
in  meaning.  Thus,  the  preterit  subjunctive  denotes  present  time 
and  the  present  perfect  and  past  perfect  both  denote  past  time. 


Future  Perfect 


id?  toerbe  gebabt  baben 
bu  toirft  gebabt  baben 
er  toirb  gebabt  baben 

toir  toerben  gebabt  rjaben 
ibr  toerbet  gebabt  baben 
fie  toerben  §efyabt  baben 


Present 

id)  toiirbe  baben 
bu  toitrbeft  baben 
er  ttnirbe  baben 

nrir  toiirben  baben 
ibr  toitrbet  baben 
fie  nnirben  baben 

babe  (bu) 

Present  Participle 

babenb 


Conditional 


Imperative 

babt  (ibr) 


toerbe  gebabt  baben 
toerbeft  gebabt  baben 
toerbe  gebabt  baben 

toerben  gebabt  baben 
toerbet  gebabt  baben 
merben  gebabt  baben 

Perfect 

toiirbe  gebabt  baben 
toiirbeft  gebabt  baben 
tDlirbe  gebabt  baben 

toiirben  gebabt  baben 
toiirbet  gebabt  baben 
toiirben  gebabt  baben 

baben  ©ie 

Perfect  Infinitive 

gebabt  (ju)  baben 


40  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

112.  For  the  formation  of  the  compound  tenses  the  fol- 
lowing formulas  should  be  kept  in  mind. 

i.    Present    Perfect  =  present    of    the    auxiliary    (fetn    or 
fyaben)  plus  the  past  participle  of  the  verb. 

2.  Past    Perfect  =  preterit    of    auxiliary   plus    the   past 
participle  of  the  verb. 

3.  Future  =  present  of  tnerben  plus  the  present  infinitive 
of  the  verb. 

4.  Future   Perfect  =  present  of   toerben  plus  the  perfect 
infinitive  of  the  verb. 

5.  Present   Conditional  =  preterit  subjunctive  of  merben 
plus  the  present  infinitive  of  the  verb. 

6.  Perfect   Conditional  =  preterit   subjunctive   of  toerben 

plus  the  perfect  infinitive  of  the  verb. 

Note.  —  For   the   subjunctives   use   the  subjunctive   forms   of   the 
auxiliary. 

113.  Conjugation  of  fettt. 

Principal  parts :  fetn,  er  ift,  er  mar,  er  ift  getoefen. 

Indicative  Subjunctive 

Present 

id)  bin  id)  fei 

bu  bift  bu  fcift  (fctcft) 

er  ift  er  fei 

ftrir  ftnb  fair  feten 

tfjr  feib  if)r  fetet 

fie  ftnb  fie  feten 

Preterit 

tdj  toar  .  id)  toare 

bu  rnarft  bu  roareft 

er  toar  er  mare 

roir  tearen  t       totr  tudren 

i\)x  mart  (maret)  tf)r  maret 

fie  maren  fie  maren 


THE   VERB 


41 


Indicative 

tdj  bin  gemefen 
bu  bift  gemefen 
er  tft  gemefen 

mir  finb  gemefen 
if)r  feib  gemefen 
fie  finb  gemefen 


id)  mar  genie  fen 
bu  mar  ft  genie  fen 
er  mar  gemefen 

mir  maren  gemefen 
it)r  mart  gemefen 
fie  maren  gemefen 

id)  merbe  fein 
bu  mirft  fein 
er  mirb  fein 

mir  merben  fein 
xt)x  merbet  fein 
fie  merben  fein 


idj  merbe  gemefen  fein 
bu  mirft  gemefen  fein 
er  mirb  gemefen  fein 

mir  merben  gemefen  fein 
tfjr  merbet  gemefen  fein 
fie  merben  gemefen  fein 


Subjunctive 
Present  Perfect 

id)  fei  gemefen 
bu  feift  gemefen 
er  fei  gemefen 

mir  feien  gemefen 
tfyr  feiet  gemefen 
fie  feien  gemefen 

Past  Perfect 

idj  mare  gemefen 
bu  mareft  gemefen 
er  mare  gemefen 

mir  maren  gemefen 
i^r  maret  gemefen 
fie  maren  gemefen 

Future 

tdj  merbe  fein 
bu  merbeft  fein 
er  merbe  fein 

mir  merben  fein 
xi)x  merbet  fein 
fie  merben  fein 

Future  Perfect 

idj  merbe  gemefen  fein 
bu  merbeft  gemefen  fein 
er  merbe  gemefen  fein 

mir  merben  gemefen  fein 
ibr  merbet  gemefen  fein 
fie  merben  gemefen  fein 


42 


ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 


Indicative 

Subjunctive 

Conditional 

Present 

Perfect 

id)  toitrbe  fein 

tdj  toitrbe  getoefen  fein 

bu  toiirbeft  fetn 

bn  toiirbeft  getoefen  fein 

er  toitrbe  fetn 

er  toitrbe  getoefen  fein 

toir  toiirben  fetn 

toir  toiirben  getoefen  fein 

ifyr  toiirbet  fetn 

tljr  toiirbet  getoefen  fein 

fie  toiirben  fetn 

fie  mitrben  getoefen  fein 

Imperative 

fet 

feib 

feien  €ne 

Present  Participle 

Perfect  Infinitive 

feienb 

getoefen  fein 

114.    Conjugation  of  toerben. 

Principal  parts:  toerben,  er  totrb,  er  tourbe  (or  toarb),  er  ift 
getoorben. 

Present 

idj  toerbe  id)  toerbe 

bu  hrirft  bu  roerbeft 

er  totrb  er  toerbe 

toir  toerben  toir  toerben 

ifjr  toerbet  t&r  toerbet 

fie  toerben  fie  toerben 


id)  tourbe  or  toarb 
bu  tourbeft  or  toarbft 
er  tourbe  or  toarb 

toir  tourben 
if)r  tourbet 
fie  tourben 

id)  bin  getoorben,  etc. 


Preterit 

id)  toitrbe 
bu  tourbeft 
er  toitrbe 

toir  tourben 
iljr  tourbet 
fie  tourben 

Present  Perfect 

id)  fei  getoorben,  etc. 


THE   VERB 


43 


Indicative 

id)  toctr  getoorben,  etc. 


Subjunctive 


Past  Perfect 


idj  mare  getoorben,  etc. 


Future 


id)  toerbe  toerben,  etc.  id)  toerbe  toerben,  etc. 

Future  Perfect 

id)  toerbe  getoorben  fein,  etc.  idj  toerbe  getoorben  fein,  etc. 

Conditional 

Perfect 

idj  toiirbe  getoorben  fein,  etc. 

Imperative 
toerbct  toerben  ©ie 

Perfect  Infinitive 

getoorben  fein 


Present 

id)  toiirbe  toerben,  etc. 
toerbe 

Present  Participle 

toerbenb 


Weak  Verbs 

115.    Conjugation  of  looen. 

Principal  parts :  lobert,  er  lobt,  er  lobte,  er  r)at  gelobt. 


vn 


Indicative  Subjunctive  Indicative  and  Subjunctive 

Present  Preterit 

idj  lobe  id)  lobe  id)  lobte 

bit  lobft  bu  lobeft  bit  lobteft 

er  lobt  er  lobe  er  lobte 


toir  loben 

toir  loben 

toir  lobten 

iljr  lobt 

tljr  lobet 

iljr  lobtet 

fie  loben 

fie  loben 

fie  lobten 

Note.  —  In  the  preterit  the  indicative  and  subjunctive  of  all  weak 
verbs  are  identical.  In  the  present  subjunctive  only  those  forms  that 
differ  from  the  corresponding  indicative  forms  are  used,  and  of  these 
three  only  the  third  singular  is  at  all  common. 


44 


ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 


Indicative 
id)  f)ctbe  gelobt,  etc. 

tdj  fyatte  gelobt,  etc. 
tdj  toerbe  loben,  etc. 

id)  toerbe  gelobt  fjctben,  etc. 

Present 

id)  toiirbe  loben,  etc. 
lobe 

Present  Participle 

lobenb 


Subjunctive 


Present  Perfect 


id)  l)abe  gelobt,  etc. 


Past  Perfect 


Future 


id)  Ijatte  gelobt,  etc. 
id)  toerbe  loben,  etc. 


Future  Perfect 

id)  toerbe  gelobt  Ijaben,  etc. 


Conditional 


Imperative 
lobt  (lobet) 


Perfect 

id)  ftriirbe  gelobt  Ijaben,  etc. 
loben  ©ie 

Perfect  Infinitive 

gelobt  f)aben 


116.    Conjugation  of  hianbern. 

Principal   parts:    tocmbern,  er  tocmbert,  er  toanberte,  er  ift 


getoanbert. 

Indicative 

Present 

id)  tocmb(e)re 
bu  toanberft    t 
er  toanbert 

totr  toanbern 
if)r  toanbert 
fie  tocmbern 


Subjunctive     Indicative  and  Subjunctive 

Preterit 


id)  tocmb(e)re 
bu  toanb(e)reft 
er  nxmb(e)re 

fair  manb(e)ren 
it)r  tuanb(e)ret 
fie  n)cmb(e)ren 


id)  iranberte 
bu  tranbcrtcft 
er  nanterte 

Uur  ttanberten 
it;r  toanbcrtet 
fie  hxmbcrtcn 


Note.  —  Verbs  ending  in  -fin,  -cm  usually  drop  the  c  of  their  final 
syllable  before  a  suffix  beginning  with  c  but  retain  it  elsewhere. 


THE   VERB  45 

Indicative  Subjunctive 

Present  Perfect 

tdj  bin  getocmbert,  etc.  id)  fei  getocmbert,  etc. 

Past  Perfect 

idj  toar  getoanbert,  etc.  idj  toare  getoanbert,  etc. 

Future 

id)  toerbe  toanbern,  etc.  tdj  toerbe  toanbern,  etc. 

Future  Perfect 

id)  tuerbe  gehxmbert  fein,  etc.  idj  toerbe  getoanbert  fein,  etc. 

Conditional 
Present  Perfect 

id)  toiirbe  hoanbern,  etc.  tdj  toiirbe  getoanbert  fein,  etc. 

Imperative 

tuanb(e)re  ttanbert        toanbern  ©ie 

Present  Participle  Perfect  Infinitive 

tocmbernb  getocmbert  fein 

117.  Connecting  Vowel. 

i.  Verbs  whose  stem  ends  in  b  or  t,  or  m  or  n  preceded  by 
a  single  consonant  other  than  t,  r,  m,  and  n,  take  the  con- 
necting vowel  e  before  -ft  and  -t.  Thus:  bu  arbeiteft,  er 
arbeitet,  iljr  arbeitet,  id)  arbeitete,  gearbeitet;  bn  rebeft,  er  rebet, 
etc.;  bu  redjneft,  bu  atmeft,  bu  $eidnaeft. 

2.  Verbs  whose  stem  ends  in  a  sibilant  (3,  ff,  fc,  fd),  ^, 
X,  h)  take  e  before  -ft:  bu  tcmgeft,  bu  reifeft,  bu  totinfd&eft.  In 
colloquial  German,  however,  the  contracted  forms  are  more 
common :  bu  tcmgt,  bu  tounfdjft. 

118.  The  Imperative  Mood  has  only  three  forms:  the 
second  person  singular,  lobe  (bu),  the  second  person  plural, 
lobt  (ifyr),  and  the  polite,  or  conventional,  which  is  third 
person  plural  in  form,  but  second  person  singular  or  plural 


46 


ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 


in  meaning,  lobert  ©te.  In  the  first  two,  the  so-called 
familiar  or  bu=form,  the  subject  bu,  ibr,  is  rarely  expressed 
(and  then  for  emphasis),  as  in  English;  in  the  polite  form 
the  subject  must  always  be  expressed  and  capitalized.  For 
the  use  of  these  forms  compare  79. 

119.    Irregular  Weak  Verbs. 


nfinitive 

Present 

Preterit 

Present 
Perfect 

Preterit 
Subjunctive 

brennen 

er  brennt 

er  brannte 

er  bat  gebrannt 

er  brennte 

bringen 

brtngt 

bradjte 

bat  gebradjt 

bradjte 

benfen 

benft 

badjte 

bat  gebad)t 

badjte 

biinfen 

biinft 

beucfyte 

bat  gebeud)t 

beucbte 

fennen 

fennt 

fannte 

bat  gefannt 

fennte 

nennen 

nennt 

nannte 

bat  genarmt 

nennte 

rennen 

rennt 

rannte 

bat  gerannt 

rennte 

fenben 

fenbet 

fanbte 

bat  gefcmbt 

fenbete 

toenben 

toenbet 

tuanbte 

bat  getoanbt 

toenbete 

Strong  Verbs 
120.    Conjugation  of  fd)Iagett. 

Principal  parts:  fcblagen,  er  fdjlagt,  fusing,  er  r)at  gefdjlagen. 


Indicative 

Subjunctive 

Indicative 

Subjunctive 

Present 

Preterit 

td)  foliage 

id)  fdjlage 

tdj  fct)lug 

idj  fcbliige  . 

bu  fd)  1  a  flit 

bu  fd)lageft 

bu  fcblugft 

bu  fcbliigeft 

er  fcfylagt 

er  fd)lage 

er  fd)lug 

er  fcbliige 

hrir  fcblagen 

nrir  fdjlagen 

totr  fcblugen 

ttrir  fcbliigen 

ibr  fd)lagt 

ibr  fdjlaget 

ibr  fcblugt 

ibr  fcbliiget 

fie  fdjlagen 

fie  fcblagen   * 

fie  fcblugen 

fie  fcbliigen 

Present  Perfect 

td)  babe  gefcblagen,  etc.  icb  babe  gefd)lagen,  etc. 

*  $)unfett,  fenben,  and  toenben  also  have  the  regular  weak  forms. 


THE  VERB  47 

Past  Perfect 

id)  tyatte  aefdjtagen,  etc.  id)  fyatte  Qefdjlagen,  etc. 

Future 

id)  toerbe  fd)lagert,  etc.  id)  toerbe  fdjlagert,  etc. 

Future  Perfect 

idj  toerbe  gefdjlaaen  fyaben,  etc.        id)  toerbe  gefdjlagen  fyaben,  etc. 

Conditional 
Present  Perfect 

idj  toitrbe  fdjlagen,  etc.  id)  toiirbe  gefdjlagen  fyaben,  etc. 

Imperative 

fd)tage  fd)fagt  fdjlagen  ©ie 

Present  Participle  Perfect  Infinitive 

fdjlctgenb  gefdjlagen  fyaben 

121.  Vowel  Change  in  the  Present  Indicative  and  Im- 
perative. In  the  second  and  third  person  singular  of  the 
present  indicative  and  the  second  singular  imperative 
many  strong  verbs  have  a  vowel  change.    Note  the  following: 

id)  fctfjre  idj  fprecr)e  id)  neljme  id)  felje  id)  gefye 
bu  fdfyrft  bu  faritfjft  bit  ntmmft  bit  fieljft  bit  gefyft 
er  fdfyrt  er  ftmcfyt         er  nimmt         er  ftefyt         er  gef)t 

totr  fctljren      ttrir  fpredjen      totr  nef)tnen      toir  fefyen      toir  gefyen 
tf)r  fafyrt         irjr  fpred)t        ifyr  nefymt         ir)r  feljt         ir)r  gef)t 
fie  fafjren        fie  foredjen       fie  rtefymen        fie  fefyen        fie  gefyen 

Imperative 

faljre  fartdj  mmm  fteft(c)  get)e 

i .  Strong  verbs  having  a  for  a  stem  vowel  change  this  to 
a  in  the  second  and  third  singular  of  the  present  indicative, 
but  are  regular  in  the  imperative.     £aufen,   faufen,   ftofjen 


48  ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 

also    belong    here.     <Sd)affen    (also    weak)    and    fdjctllen    are 
exceptions. 

2.  The  following  seven  verbs  whose  stem  vowel  is  long 
e  change  to  te:  befefylen,  empfefylen,  gefd)eben,  lefen,  fdjeren  (also 
weak:  id)  fd)ere,  bu  fc^erft,  er  fcfyert),  fefyen,  fteblen.  ®ebaren, 
gebterft,  gebtert,  also  belongs  here.  These  verbs  also  have 
the  change  in  the  imperative  (gefdjefyen  has  no  imperative). 

3.  The  following  seven  verbs  having  long  e  for  a  stem 
vowel  do  not  change:  betoegen,  gefyen,  genefen,  fyeben,  pflegeu, 
ftefyen,  toeben. 

4.  The  following  three  verbs  whose  stem  vowel  is  long 
e  change  this  to  short  i:  geben,  nefymen,  treten.  These  also 
have  the  change  in  the  imperative. 

5.  All  strong  verbs  whose  stem  vowel  is  short  e  change  this 
to  short  t.     These  also  have  the  change  in  the  imperative. 

Note.  —  All  the  verbs  changing  from  c  to  t,  te,  also  have  the  change 
in  the  imperative  and  drop  the  final  e  in  the  imperative. 

Stem  Vowel  2d  and  3d  Sing.  Indicative  2d  Sing.  Imperative 

a  a  a 

e  te,  t,  e  te,  t,  e 

e  t  t 

Note.  —  The  vowel  of  a  verb  is  short  when  it  is  followed  by  two 
or  more  consonants,  unless  the  first  of  these  is  b. 

122.    Connecting  Vowel. 

1.  Strong  verbs  whose  stem  ends  in  b  or  t,  take  the  con- 
necting vowel  e  before  -ft  and  -t,  except  in  the  forms  having 
a  vowel  change  in  the  present.     Note  the  following  forms : 

faben  bu  Iftbft  .  er  Iftbt  but  ibr  labet 

braten  bu  bratft      .  er  brat  ir>r  bratet 

batten  bu  fcttltft  er  ^ttIt  W*  &aftct 

gelten  bu  gtttft  er  gilt  tbr  gcltet 

ftnbeu  bu  fiubeft  er  finbet  tbr  ftubet 


THE  VERB  49 

2.  Strong  verbs  whose  stem  ends  in  a  sibilant  (s-sound) 
may  take  e  before  -ft,  but  usually  do  not.  Compare 
117,  2.  Examples:  id)  effe,  bu  tftt  (iffeft),  er  ifet;  tdj  (jetfee,  bu 
hetfet  O&eifjeft),  er  fyetfet. 

123.  The  preterit  (imperfect)  subjunctive  of  strong  verbs 
is  formed  from  the  preterit  indicative  by  mutating  the 
stem  vowel  and  adding  the  subjunctive  endings:  -e,  -eft, 
-e,  -en,  -et,  -en,  which  are  alike  for  the  present  and  the 
preterit. 

Note.  —  As  an  aid  in  determining  whether  a  verb  is  weak  or  strong 
it  might  be  well  for  the  student  to  remember  that  of  the  verbs  having 
umlaut  in  the  stem  vowel  all  but  nine  are  weak,  and  these  are  mostly 
quite  rare. 

Compound  Verbs 

124.  Inseparable  Verbs.  Verbs  having  the  prefixes  be, 
ent  (emp  before  f),  er,  ge,  ber,  $er  are  inseparable.  They  are 
conjugated  like  their  corresponding  simple  verbs,  except 
that  they  do  not  take  the  augment  ge-  in  the  past  participle, 
because  the  prefix  is  unaccented  (110,  3).  As  the  prefix 
sometimes  changes  an  intransitive  verb  to  a  transitive,  the 
compound  verbs  do  not  always  have  the  same  auxiliary  as 
the  simple  verbs. 

1.  Synopsis  of  erfinben,  1st  sing.  ind.  act.:  tdj  erfinbe,  tdj 
erfcmb,  tdj  fyctbe  erfunben,  id)  fycttte  erfunben,  id)  toerbe  erfinben,  id) 
toerbe  erfunben  Ijaben. 

125.  Separable  Verbs.  Verbs  having  prefixes  other  than 
those  enumerated  above  are  separable  in  their  simple  tenses 
(present,  preterit). 

1.  The  separable  prefixes  are  very  numerous;  they  con- 
sist of  prepositions,  adverbs,  adjectives,  and  nouns :  cmfcmgen, 
fortfafyren,  loSfaitfen,  tetmehmen. 

2.  The  separable  prefix  always  bears  the  main  accent: 
auf'ftefyen,  cm'fcmgen. 


50  ELEMENTS  OF.  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

3.  When  separated,  these  prefixes  come  at  the  end  of 
the  clause :  3dj  ftng  Ijeute  morgen  an. 

4.  In  transposed  word  order  they  are  not  separated: 
3d)  toctr  fdjon  miibe,  al3  tdj  bte  Arbeit  anfing. 

5.  The  ge-  of  the  past  participle  and  the  gu  of  the  infinitive 
are  placed  between  the  prefix  and  the  verb:  angefommen, 
an^ufangen. 

6.  Synopsis  of  anfangen,  3d  sing.  ind.  act.:  er  fangt  an,  er 
ftng  an,  er  rjat  angefangen,  er  fyatte  angefangen,  er  rotrb  anfangen, 
er  h)irb  angefangen  Ijaben. 

Imperative 

fange  an  fangt  an  fangen  <Ste  an 

Present  Participle  Perfect  Infinitive 

anfangenb  angefangen  Ijaben 

Note.  —  The  following  prefixes  are  usually  separable  if  the  verb  is 
used  in  its  literal,  concrete  sense;  inseparable,  usually,  if  used  figura- 
tively: burd),  liber,  urn,  unter,  toteber.  Thus:  £)er  f£ttf)rmann  fefcte  un8 
tiber,  The  ferryman  ferried  us  across.  £5er  <SdjiUer  iiberfefcte  feme  Slufgabe, 
The  pupil  translated  his  lesson. 

Winter,  mi  ft,  totber,  boll  are  more  often  inseparable  than  separable. 

126.  Reflexive  Verbs.  A  reflexive  verb  is  one  whose 
subject  and  object  refer  to  the  Fame  person  or  thing.  The 
object  is  always  a  pronoun,  personal  for  the  first  and  second 
person  and  ftdj  for  the  third.  While  practically  all  reflexives 
have  their  object  in  the  accusative,  a  few  take  their  object 
in  the  dative  and  a  few  in  the  genitive  case :  3dj  fdjarrte  mid), 
idj  fdjmetdjle  mir,  idj  fpotte  metner. 

127.  Reflexive  verbs  are  conjugated  like  other  verbs. 
The  pronoun  object,  however,  needs  some  attention.  The 
following  paradigms  will  illustrate  its  use. 

1.    Conjugation  of  fid)  freucn. 

Principal  parts:  ftdj  freuen,  er  freut  ftdj,  er  freute  ftdj,  er  fjat 
fidj  gefreut. 


THE  VERB  51 

Indicative  Subjunctive 

Present 

idj  freue  midj  idj  freue  midj 

bu  freuft  bid)  bit  freueft  bidj 

er  freut  fid)  er  freue  fid) 

toir  freuen  unS  nrir  freuen  unS 

if)r  freut  eud)  if)r  freuet  eud) 

fie  freueu  fid)  fie  freueu  fidj 

Preterit 

id)  freute  midj,  etc.  idj  freute  midj,  etc. 

Present  Perfect 

tdj  fjabe  midj  gefreut,  etc.  idj  fyaht  midj  gefreut,  etc. 

Past  Perfect 

idj  fycttte  mtdj  gefreut,  etc.  idj  ()atte  mtdj  gefreut,  etc. 

Future 

id)  toerbe  midj  freueu,  etc.  tdj  toerbe  midj  freueu,  etc. 

Future  Perfect 

id)  tuerbe  mid)  gefreut  Ijaben,  *  id)  toerbe  midj  gefreut  fyaben, 

etc.  etc. 

Conditional 
Present  Perfect 

id)  rolirbe  midj  freueu,  etc.  id)  ttmrbe  mid)  gefreut  Ijabeu, 

etc. 
Imperative 

freue  bidj  freut  eudj  freueu  ©ie  fidj 

2.  Conjugation  of  fid)  frimteidicln  in  the  present. 

Indicative  Subjunctive 

tdj  fdjmeidjle  mir  id)  fdjmeidjle  mir 

bu  fd)meid)elft  bir  bu  fdjmeid)left  bir 

er  fdjmeidjett  fidj  er  fdjmetd)le  fid) 


52  ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 

Indicative  Subjunctive 

ttrir  fdjmeid)eln  unS  totr  fc^meidjlcn  un3 

ifyr  fd)meid)elt  eud)  ifyr  fd)meicf)Iet  eud) 

fie  fd)meid)em  fid)  fie  fd)meid)Ien  fid) 

Note  i.  —  All  reflexive  verbs  take  r)aben. 

Note  2.  —  Reflexive  Verbs  have  no  passive,  but  they  are  frequently 
used  instead  of  the  passive.  Hence  many  reflexives  must  be  translated 
by  means  of  the  passive. 

Passive 

128.  A  verb  in  the  active  voice  represents  its  subject  as 
acting:  3d)  fd)laQe.  A  verb  in  the  passive  represents  its  sub- 
ject as  receiving  or  suffering  the  action :  3d)  tuer.be  gefdjlctQen. 

129.  As  a  rule  only  transitive  verbs  can  be  used  in  the  pas- 
sive. In  German,  however,  some  intransitive  verbs  denoting 
action  may  have  an  impersonal  passive.     Compare  136. 

130.  There  are  two  passives  in  German,  the  Real  (or 
Actional)  Passive  and  the  Apparent  (Quasi  or  Perfective) 
Passive. 

131.  The  Real  Passive  expresses  an  action  going  on  at  the 
time  indicated  by  the  verb.  It  is  formed  by  combining  the 
past  participle  of  the  verb  with  the  various  forms  of  toerben: 
id)  toerbe  Qelobt,  id)  tourbe  gelobt,  id)  bin  gelobt  toorben,  etc. 

Note.  —  In  the  perfect  tenses  of  the  passive  the  past  participle  of 
toerben  drops  the  augment  ge :   toorben  not  getoorben. 

132.  The  Apparent  Passive  does  not  denote  an  action,  but 
rather  a  state  resulting  from  an  action  already  completed. 
It  is  formed  by  combining  the  past  participle  of  the  verb 
with  the  various  forms  of  fern:  ba&  33ud)  ift  Qebrucft  (printed), 
baS  53ud)  tuar  gcbmcft,  ba3  53ud)  ift  gcbrutft  gemefen,  etc. 

Note.  —  In  the  apparent  passive  the  participle  may  be  looked  upon 
as  a  predicate  adjective  after  the  verb  fctn.  Thus  in  baS  53ucf)  ift  gebrucft, 
gebrucft  has  about  the  same  force  as  in  ba$  gcbrucftc  33ucf). 


THE  VERB  53 

i.  The  meaning  of  the  auxiliaries  toerbcn,  to  become,  and 
fetn,  to  be,  gives  the  best  clue  to  the  distinction  between  the 
real  and  the  apparent  passive. 

Note.  —  As  a  further  aid  in  determining  whether  to  use  the  real 
or  the  apparent  passive  the  student  should  remember  that  the  ap- 
parent passive  is  not  used  when  an  agent  is  expressed.  But  this  rule 
cannot  be  reversed,  that  is,  it  is  not  correct  to  say  that  whenever  no 
agent  is  expressed,  the  apparent  passive  is  used. 

133.  The  agent  is  usually  expressed  in  the  dative  after  the 
preposition  Don:  2)er  $unb  ttmrbe  Don  etnem  toctben  gefdjtctgen. 

Caution.  Never  translate  the  English  preposition  by  as 
used  in  expressing  the  agent  with  the  passive  with  the  Ger- 
man preposition  bet,  but  with  Don. 

134.  Conjugation  of  pritfeit,  to  examine.     Real  Passive. 

Principal  parts:  geprtift  toerben,  er  nnrb  gepriift,  er  tourbe 
gepriift,  er  tft  gepriift  toorben. 

Indicative  Subjunctive 

Present 

tdj  tuerbe  gepriift  id)  toerbe  gepriift 

bu  rairft  gepriift  bu  toerbeft  gepriift 

er  nnrb  gepriift  er  toerbe  gepriift 

totr  toerben  gepriift  toil  toerben  gepriift 

tbr  toerbet  gepriift  tf)r  tuerbet  gepriift 

fie  toerbert  gepriift  fie  toerben  gepriift 

Preterit 

tdj  tuurbe  gepriift,  etc.  tdj  toiirbe  gepriift,  etc. 

Present  Perfect 

id)  bin  gepriift  toorben,  etc.  tdj  fet  gepriift  toorben,  etc. 

Past  Perfect 

id)  tnar  gepriift  tuorben,  etc.  tdj  rnarc  gepriift  toorben,  etc. 


54  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

Future 

idj  luerbe  gepritft  toerben,  etc.        idj  luerbe  gepriift  toerben,  etc. 

Future  Perfect 

tdj  luerbe  gepriift  toorben  fein,    id)  toerbe  geprftft  toorben  fein, 
etc.  etc. 

Conditional 

Present  Perfect 

id)  luiirbe  gepriift  toerben,  etc.        idj  luiirbe  gepriift  toorben  fetrt, 

etc. 

135.  Conjugation  of  fcmgetl,  to  catch  or  capture.  Ap- 
parent Passive. 

Principal  parts :  gefangen  fein,  er  tft  gefangen,  er  toar  gefangen, 
er  tft  gefangen  getuefen. 

Indicative  Subjunctive 

Present 

idj  bin  gefangen,  etc.  id)  fei  gefangen,  etc. 

Preterit 

idj  toar  gefangen,  etc.  idj  toare  gefangen,  etc. 

Persent  Perfect 

id)  bin  gefangen  getoefen,  etc.         id)  fei  gefangen  getoefen,  etc. 

Past  Perfect 

id)  toar  gefangen  getoefen,  etc.        id)  mare  gefangen  getuefen,  etc. 

Future  • 

id)  luerbe  gefangen  fein,  etc.  id)  tnerbe  gefangen  fein,  etc. 

Future  Perfect 

id)  luerbe  gefangen  getoefen  fein,    id)  luerbe  gefangen  getoefen  fein, 
etc.             -  etc. 

Conditional 

Present  Perfect 

id)  luiirbe  gefangen  fein,  etc.  id)  luiirbe  gefangen  geluefen  fein, 

etc. 


*     THE  VERB  55 

136.  Impersonal  Passive.  Intransitive  verbs  denoting 
action  may  have  a  passive  in  the  third  singular  with  e$  as 
subject.  (S3  tourbe  in  biefem  §aufe  bid  Qetcm$t,  There  was 
much  dancing  in  this  house.  (£$  tourbe  monatelana,  Qefampft, 
They  fought  for  months.  Qf$  is  omitted  unless  it  comes  at 
the  beginning  of  the  sentence  or  clause.  Thus:  5ln  btefer 
©telle  tmirbe  fange  gefampft,  On  this  spot  they  fought  for  a  long 
time.  §>ter  ttrirb  oft  gefungen,  Here  they  frequently  sing.  Qn 
ben  ^dtungen  nrirb  Dtel  gelogen,  Newspapers  print  many  lies. 

i.  Verbs  having  their  object  in  the  dative  or  the  genitive 
also  may  have  an  impersonal  passive :  3fym  nmrbe  gefyolfen,  He 
was  helped.  (S3  ttrirb  tfnu  geljolfen  toerben,  He  will  be  helped. 
3fyr  nrirb  Don  jebermann  gefcfyntetdjelt,  She  is  being  flattered  by 
every  one.    Oft  tourbe  fetner  gebadjt,  He  was  often  thought  of. 

Note  that  in  all  these  the  dative  or  genitive  object  of  the 
active  is  retained  in  the  passive. 

137.  Substitutes  for  the  Passive.  The  passive  is  less 
frequently  used  in  « German  than  in  English.  The  more 
common  substitutes  for  the  passive  are: 

i.  The  active  with  man  as  the  subject:  3ttan  fctgt,  bafc  fie 
md)t  gu  £>cmfe  toar,  It  is  said  that  she  was  not  at  home.  Tlcm 
mntmt  an,  er  fyabe  e3  gefagt,  77  is  supposed  that  he  said  it. 

2.  The  reflexive,  especially  with  laffen,  but  also  alone: 
3)a3  lafct  ftd)  etnrtd)ten,  That  can  be  arranged.  (S3  lafet  ftdj  madden, 
It  can  be  done.  £)te  SBerfyetfeuna,  roirb  ftdj  erfiitten,  The  promise 
will  be  fulfilled. 

3.  The  active  infinitive  with  fetn  and  laffen  frequently  has 
passive  force,  denoting  either  possibility  or  necessity.  £)a3 
ift  ntd)t  au3juf)a(ten,  This  is  not  to  be  endured.  3)te  5lufgabe  tft 
SU  ternen,  The  lesson  is  to  be  learned.  (Sr  Heft  em  §au3  bauen, 
He  had  a  house  built.    £Ba3  ift  gu  tun  ?   What  is  to  be  done  ? 


56 


ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 


The  Modal  Auxiliaries 

138.  The  modal  auxiliaries  biirfen,  fonnen,  mogen,  miiffen, 
follen,  toollen,  are  thus  designated  because,  like  their  English 
equivalents,  they  are  used  to  change  the  mode  or  manner  of 
expression.  Thus  the  idea  id)  gef)e  is  modified  by  using  the 
modals  with  it:  3d)  barf  gefyen,  /  am  permitted  to  go;  id)  fann 
gel)en,  /  can  go;  id)  mufe  gefyen,  /  must  go,  etc. 

Their  principal  parts  with  the  preterit  subjunctive  are : 

Mirfen        er  barf         er  burfte        er  fyat  geburft  er  biirfte 


fonnen 

er  fann 

er  fonnte 

er  fyat  gefonnt 

er  fonnte 

mogen 

er  ntag 

er  mod)te 

er  Ijat  gemodjt 

er  mod)te 

miiffen 

er  mufe 

er  mufete 

er  Ijat  gemufct 

er  miifjte 

follen 

er  foil 

er  follte 

er  I)at  gefollt 

er  follte 

roollen 

er  mill 

er  mollte 

er  f)at  getoollt 

er  mollte 

Note.  —  All  but  folten  and  tooften  have  umlaut  in  the  present  infini- 
tive. This  umlaut  is  retained  in  the  present  and  preterit  subjunctive 
and  in  the  plural  of  the  present  indicative,  but  not  in  the  preterit  in- 
dicative nor  in  the  past  participle. 

139.  Conjugation.  In  the  singular  of  the  present  indica- 
tive all  but  follen  have  a  vowel  change,  and  the  endings  of 
all  are  those  of  the  preterit  of  strong  verbs.     Thus: 


Present  Indicative 

id)  barf 

fann 

mag 

mufe 

foK 

nrill 

bn  barfft 

fannft 

magft 

mufet 

follft 

nrillft 

er  barf 

fann 

mag 

nmfi 

foil 

mill 

ttnr  biirfen 

fonnen 

mogen 

miiffen 

follen 

toollen 

tljr  biirft 

fbnnt 

mb'gt 

miifet 

follt 

mollt 

fie  biirfen 

fonnen 

'  mogen 

miiffen 

follen 

toollen 

i.  The  remaining  forms  of  these  verbs  are  like  those  of 
the  weak  verbs,  except  that  only  toollen  has  the  imperative 
forms.    These  are:  toolle,  tooll(c)t,  toollen  ©te. 


THE  VERB  57 

2.  Stiffen  (toufete,  gerou&t)  is  also  conjugated  like  the 
modal  verbs:  tdj  toetfe,  bu  tueifet,  er  toeife,  rotr  totffen,  etc. 
But  as  it  does  not  take  a  dependent  infinitive,  what  is  said 
under  140  does  not  apply  to  it. 

140.  With  Dependent  Infinitives.  The  modal  verbs  are 
nearly  always  used  with  a  dependent  infinitive  without 
gu.  Whenever  this  is  the  case,  their  perfect  tenses  are  not 
formed  by  means  of  the  weak  past  participle,  geburft,  gefonnt, 
etc.,  but  the  so-called  strong  participle,  which  is  like  the 
present  infinitive,  is  used : 

Indicative 
Present  Perfect  Past  Perfect 

tdj  babe  geben  formen,  etc.  tdj  fycttte  geljert  fonnert,  etc. 

Future  Future  Perfect 

id)  roerbe  geben  fbnnen,  etc.  tdj  toerbe   fyaben   geben   fortnen, 

etc. 

Conditional 
Present  Perfect 

tdj  raiirbe  geben  fonnen,  etc.  tdj  tuiirbe  baben  geben  format, 

etc. 

Note.  —  The  so-called  double  infinitive  always  comes  last,  even  in  a 
dependent  clause.     Compare  185. 

141.  A  number  of  other  verbs  which  take  a  dependent 
infinitive  without  gu  may  have  the  same  construction  in 
their  perfect  tenses.  These  are:  ^ei^en,  belfen,  hbrert,  laffen, 
feljen;  and  less  frequently,  lernen,  tefyren,  fiiblert,  ftnben,  and 
madjen.  (§r  bie&  mtdj  fdjraetgen,  He  bade  me  be  silent,  fix  bat 
mid)  fd)tt>etgen  beiften,  He  has  commanded  me  to  be  silent.  3dj 
babe  tbnen  bauen  belfen,  /  helped  them  build.  2Btr  fyabm  tbn 
reben  bbren,  We  heard  him  speak.  (£r  bat  fofort  ben  5lrgt  bolen 
laffen,  He  at  once  sent  for  the  physician. 


58  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

142.  The  more  common  meanings  of  the  modal  verbs 
are  the  following:  ^iirfen,  may  (be  permitted,  allowed): 
<Ste  biirfen  gefyen,  You  may  go;  when  used  with  a  negative, 
must:  £)a$  barfft  bu  ntcfyt  tun,  You  must  not  do  that. 

$imnen,  can  (be  able):  (Ex  fann  md)t  fommen,  He  cannot 
come;  may  (permission  and  possibility) :  <Ste  f  onnen  gefyen, 
You  may  go  ;  Qa$  f ann  fern,  That  may  be ;  more  idiomatic,  to 
know:  (Ex  faun  3>utfd)  J  3$  fonn  bag  @ebtd)t. 

Sftogen,  way  (permission  and  possibility):  ©tc  mogen 
nad)fommen,  Fow  way  follow;  £)a3  mag  tt>al)r  fern,  77za/  may 
fo  true;  to  like:  3$  mag  ba$  ntdjt,  /  a7^  no/  like  that. 

HDiitffen,  raws/  (compulsion  and  prohibition) :  SStr  miiffen 
eilen,  We  must  hurry ;  $)ct$  mufjt  bu  roirfltcr)  ntdjt  tun,  You  really 
must  not  do  that;  more  idiomatic:  (§3  mufcte  fo  fommen,  It 
was  destined  (fated)  to  be. 

Soften,  shall  (obligation):  3)u  foltft  ntdjt  ftefylen,  Thou 
shalt  not  steal ;  idiomatic  (decree  of  fate  or  hearsay) :  (53 
f)at  nidjt  fern  follen,  //  was  destined  not  to  be ;  (Ex  foil  reid)  fetn, 
He  is  said  to  be  rich. 

Gotten,  will  (want  to) :  3d)  toill  e$  tun,  /  am  willing  to 
do  it ;  (Ex  toill  nidjt  gefjen,  He  does  not  want  to  go  ;  idiomatic 
(pretense) :  (Ex  toil!  e3  getjort  l)aben,  He  claims  to  have  heard  it. 

Caution.  Do  not  use  follen  and  toolleu  for  shall  and  will  as 
future  auxiliaries. 

143.  Impersonal  Verbs.  Certain  verbs  are  used  only  in 
the  third  person  singular  with  the  impersonal  e3  as  subject. 
They  do  not  offer  any  special  difficulty  in  their  conjuga- 
tion, and  in  general  correspond  to  English  impersonal 
verbs:  (§3  regnet,  fdntetf,  bonnert,  etc.,  it  rains,  snows,  thun- 
ders, etc. 

i.  Certain  other  impersonal  verbs,  however,  do  not  cor- 
respond to  English  impersonals  and  offer  considerable  dim- 


THE  VERB  59 

culty.  These  are  verbs  or  idioms  denoting  states  of  the  body 
or  mind : 

(§3  frtert  mtd)  or  SMdj  frtert ('3),  /  am  freezing. 

(§8  ramgert  mtdj  or  SDHc^  tyungertCs),  /  am  hungry. 

(£8  biirftct  tfyn  or  3fm  biirftet('3),  #e  w  thirsty. 

Q£$  fcfiroinbelt  mtr  or  9fttr  fdjrombett('3),  /  am  dizzy. 

@S  trciumte  mtr  or  Wiv  trciumte  (e$),  I  dreamt. 

&%  fefylt  or  mcmcjelt  un3  ntdjtS  or  Un3  fefylt  (mcmcjelt)  ntdjtg, 
We  lack  nothing. 

@3  gel)t  mtr  gut  or  9Dltr  get)t  e$  gut,  /  am  faring  well.    . 

@8  tut  mtr  letb  or  Mr  tut'3  letb,  /  am  sorry. 

Note  that  in  all  of  these  sentences  the  subject  in  English 
is  in  German  in  the  accusative  or  dative  case.  In  the  first 
five  sentences  the  e£  may  be  omitted  if  it  does  not  introduce 
the  sentence,  in  the  sixth  it  must  be  omitted,  but  in  the  other 
two  it  is  never  omitted. 

144.  Use  of  e3  gibt  and  e3  ift  or  e3  ftnb.  Note  these  sen- 
tences : 

@S  cjtbt  £oroen  in  2lfrtfct,  There  are  lions  in  Africa. 

(§8  ftnb  groei  £  often  in  btefem  $aftg,  There  are  two  lions  in  this 
cage. 

©3  cjtbt  bid  $3etn  Me3  3arjr,  There  is  {will  be)  much  wine 
this  year. 

(§3  ift  fetn  3lropfen  SEBein  in  bem  Safe,  There  isn't  a  drop  of 
wine  in  the  barrel. 

i.  15$  cjibt  is  used  in  broad  general  statements,  e$  ift  (ftnb), 
in  referring  to  specific  persons  or  things  located  as  to  time 
or  place.  Sometimes  either  may  be  used :  ©3  cjtbt  (ift)  ntd)t3 
■ifteue3  unter  ber  ©onne,  There  is  nothing  new  under  the  sun. 

Note.  —  The  noun  after  e$  Qtbt  is  in  the  accusative  case,  being  the. 
direct  object  of  geben,  a  transitive  verb.  In  e3  ift,  eS  ftnb,  e3  is  merely 
an  introductory  word;  the  noun  that  follows  is  the  subject  and  the 
verb  agrees  with  it. 


6o  ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 


Use  of  the  Moods 

145.  Indicative.  The  indicative  is  the  mood  of  the  real, 
the  actual.  It  is  used  in  assertions  or  statements  of  fact, 
positive  or  negative  or  interrogative. 

146.  Imperative.  The  imperative  mood  is  used,  just  as 
in  English,  in  giving  commands,  orders,  directions,  etc. 

i.    Substitutes  for  the  imperative. 

(a)  The  present  infinitive:  Urrtftetam!    Change  cars. 

(b)  The  past  participle :  5Iuf gepafet!  Attention. 

(c)  As  in  English,  adverbs  (verbal  prefixes) :  §mau3! 

Out  {out  with  you,  get  out). 

Note.  —  In  giving  a  harsh  command  any  of  these  forms  would  be 
preferred  to  the  ordinary  imperative  forms. 

(d)  In  the  first  and  the  third  person,  the  subjunc- 

tive is  used.     Compare  149. 

147.  Subjunctive.  The  subjunctive  is  almost  never  used 
to  express  a  fact.  It  expresses  ideas,  desire,  unreality,  pos- 
sibility, concession,  purpose,  personal  impression,  etc.,  and 
is  principally  used  in  indirect  statements. 

Caution.  Remember  that  the  tenses  of  the  subjunctive 
do  not  correspond  in  meaning  to  those  of  the  indicative. 
Compare  158,  2  and  3. 

148.  The  Optative  Subjunctive.  This  use  of  the  subjunc- 
tive is  very  much  like  the  English. 

1.  The  present  subjunctive:  £ana.  lebe  ber  $ontcj!  Long 
live  the  king!  £)etn  9?etdj  fortune!  Thy  kingdom  come!  ©ott 
trofte  tf)n!  God  comfort  him!  £)a$  ©liicf  fei  Mr  fjolb!  May 
fortune  smile  on  you! 

2.  The  preterit  subjunctive  is  used  in  wishes  referring  to 


THE  VERB  6 1 

present  or  future  time  whenever  a  sense  of  unreality  enters 
in :  2Benn  er  nur  fyier  roctre!  //  he  were  only  here  (but  he  is  not) ! 
51(f),  bctfe  e£  grilling  toare !     Oh  that  it  were  spring! 

3.  The  past  perfect  subjunctive  is  used  when  a  wish 
refers  to  past  time.  Here  the  sense  of  unreality  is  always 
present:  2Benn  er  mid)  nur  nidjt  gefyort  tjcttte !  If  he  had  only 
not  heard  me!  Scire  e3  jenen  9ttorgen  nur  ntdjt  fo  fait  getoefen! 
Had  it  only  not  been  so  cold  that  morning! 

Note  the  inversion  of  order  in  the  last  sentence,  both 
German  and  English.  This  is  always  the  case  when  the 
conjunction  if  (menu)  is  omitted. 

149.  The  Imperative  Subjunctive.  The  German  language, 
as  the  English,  has  real  imperative  forms  only  in  the  second 
person.  (The  polite  form  —  3d  plural  —  is  second  person 
in  meaning.)  The  English  quasi-imperative  of  the  first  and 
third  person  expressed  by  let  with  the  infinitive  may  in 
German  be  expressed  in  two  ways:  (a)  like  the  English, 
with  Ictffen:  £afe  (lafet)  ung  gefyen,  Let  us  go.  Safe  tfm  fommen, 
Let  him  come,  (b)  By  the  present  subjunctive:  ©efyen  totr, 
Let  us  go.  @r  fomme,  Let  him  come.  Wan  fjore  auf  mid),  Let 
them  listen  to  me.    ®eftefye  td)'3  nur,  Let  me  confess. 

Note.  —  The  order  in  the  first  person  is  inverted  to  distinguish 
these  forms  from  the  corresponding  indicative  forms,  in  the  third 
singular  it  may  be  either  normal  or  inverted,  in  the  third  plural  the 
imperative  subjunctive  is  avoided. 

150.  The  Conditional  Subjunctive.  1.  In  German,  as  in 
English,  a  condition  looked  upon  as  real  is  expressed  by  the 
indicative:  SBenn  e3  regnet,  gefyen  our  nad)  ber  <Stabt,  //  it 
rains,  we  are  going  to  town.  2Benn  Me  ©onne  fd)emt,  fpteten 
bte  $mber  tm  greten,  If  the  sun  shines,  the  children  play  out- 
doors. 

2.    If  the  condition  is  considered  unreal  (possible  or  con- 


62  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

trary  to  fact),  the  preterit  subjunctive  is  used,  just  as  in 
English : 

(a)  possible  condition:    SSenn  er  fame,  gtnge  tdj  nad) 

^>aufe,  If  he  would  come,  I  should  go  home. 

(b)  Contrary  to  fact  condition:    SSenn  er  fyter  tocire, 

fo  bh'ebe  id)  md)t,  //  he  were  here  (but  he  is  not), 
/  should  not  stay.  , 

3.  An  unreal  condition  in  past  time  is  expressed  by  the 
past  perfect  subjunctive:  SBenn  e£  fait  getoefen  toare,  fjatte  id) 
meinen  9?ocf  ange^ogen,  If  it  had  been  cold,  I  should  have  put 
on  my  coat.  SSaren  bie  .  @d)iiler  fletfeig  getoefen,  fo  toarett  fie 
gelobt  toorben,  //  the  pupils  had  been  diligent,  they  would  have 
been  praised. 

Note  that  only  the  preterit  and  the  past  perfect  subjunctive 
may  be  used  in  these  conditional  sentences.  The  present 
and  perfect  are  never  used  in  conditional  sentences. 

151.  A  conditional  sentence  always  consists  of  two 
clauses,  the  condition  (if-clause)  and  the  conclusion  (result 
clause).  The  condition  is  often  merely  implied,  but  can 
readily  be  supplied  from  the  conclusion  or  the  context. 

152.  Tense  Scheme  for  Unreal  Conditions.  Unreal  con- 
ditions are  either  in  the  present  (future)  or  in  past  time. 

If-Clause  Result  Clause 

_,  .  .    _  .  .  J  Preterit  Subjunctive 

Present  time         Preterit  Subjunctive  j  present  Conditional 

_  .«.../  Past  Perfect  Subjunctive 

Past  time  Past  Perfect  Subjunctive  j  perfect  Conditional 

153.  As  in  English  so  in  German  the  conjunction  if 
(toenn)  of  a  conditional  clause  is  often  omitted.  When  this 
is  the  case,  the  order  is  inverted :  £>atte  tdj  tfm  gefefyen  (SSenn 
id)  tfm  gefeben  fyatte),  fo  fotmte  id)  tbn  befd)retben,  Had  I  seen 
him  (If  I  had  seen  him),  I  could  describe  him. 

Note.  —  In  English  this  inversion  is  limited  to  had,  were,  could,  and 
should. 


THE  VERB  63 

1.  Note  that  the  order  in  the  if -clause  is  transposed  if  the 
conjunction  toenn  is  not  omitted.  In  the  result  clause  the 
order  is  normal  (or  inverted)  if  it  comes  before,  inverted  if  it 
comes  after  the  if-clause.  2Bir  toitrben  nad)  £>aufe  gel)en, 
toenn  e$  ntdjt  regnete.  SSenn  e$  nic^t  regnete,  fo  ttmrben  toir 
nad)  §aufe  geljen. 

Note.  —  When  the  if-clause  follows,  the  conjunction  is  not  omitted. 

154.  In  the  conclusion  (result  clause)  of  an  unreal  con- 
dition (150,  1,  2,  3)  the  preterit  subjunctive  may  always  be 
replaced  by  the  present  conditional,  the  past  perfect  subjunc- 
tive by  the  perfect  conditional:  SSenn  tdj  nod)  jung  roctre,  fo 
toiirbe  tdj  ba$  ntd)t  tun,  //  /  were  still  young,  I  would  {should) 
not  do  that.  2Benn  e£  geregnet  Ijatte,  fo  toiirbe  e3  auf  ber  ©trafje 
ntdjt  fo  trocfcn  fetn,  //  it  had  rained,  it  would  not  be  so  dry  on 
the  street. 

155.  The  Potential  Subjunctive.  The  preterit  subjunc- 
tive (past  perfect  for  past  time)  is  used  to  denote  possi- 
bility, probability,  or  personal  impression.  Especially  the 
modal  auxiliaries  fonnen,  ntogen,  biirfen,  and  fallen  are  fre- 
quently used  in  this  way:  3)aS  fonnte  3Ijnen  gelingen,  You 
might  succeed  in  that.  £)a$  modjte  tooljl  fetn,  That  might  Be  so. 
(§3  biirfte  fogar  mi^lid)  fetn,  It  might  even  be  useful,  ©ollte  er 
baS  ntdjt  tun  fonnen?  Is  it  possible  that  he  cannot  do  that? 
(§3  liefee  fidj  nod)  mandjeS  bariiber  fagen,  Much  might  still  be  said 
about  it.  2Ber  Jjatte  ba$  geglaubt!  Who  would  have  believed 
that!  ganbe  fidj  roof)I  jemanb,  ber  ba&  tun  toiirbe  ?  Could  some 
one  possibly  be  found,  who  would  do  that  ? 

Note.  —  The  last  three  sentences  given  above  might  be  considered 
the  result  clauses  of  unreal  conditions,  the  conditions  being  omitted. 
The  conditionals  may  be  substituted  for  the  subjunctives:  (§3  roiirbe 
fidj  nod)  mandjeS  bariiber  fagen  laffen. 

156.  The  Unreal  Subjunctive  in  Concessive  Clauses. 
Concessive  clauses  have  their  verb  in  the  subjunctive  if  the 


64  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN   GRAMMAR 

concession  is  considered  as  unreal  or  contrary  to  fact,  other- 
wise the  indicative  is  used:  SSenn  er  e3  and)  gefagt  fyat  (fact), 
fo  glaube  id)  e3  bod)  nid)t,  Though  he  has  said  it,  I  do  not  believe 
it.  <&ti  (toare)  enter  and)  fo  gebulbtg  nrie  £>tob,  MeS  totrb  er 
ntd)t  auSbalten,  Though  a  man  be  (were)  patient  as  Job,  this  he 
will  not  bear. 

Note  that  the  preterit  denotes  a  greater  degree  of  unreality  than  the 
present.     The  subjunctive  is  used  only  in  the  concessive  clause. 

157.  The  Unreal  Subjunctive  of  Comparison.  Compari- 
sons involving  any  degree  of  unreality  are  expressed  by  the 
subjunctive  after  al3  ob,  al3  toenn.  The  preterit  is  used  for  the 
present  and  the  past  perfect  for  the  past:  (Sr  Itegt  mtr  bor 
ben  8ufeen,  a^  toar'3  etn  ®titcf  Don  mtr,  He  lies  at  my  feet  as 
though  he  were  a  piece  of  me.  @te  far)  au£,  alg  ob  fie  franf 
toare,  She  looked  as  though  she  were  sick.  £)te  $tnber  fafyen 
au£,  alS  ob  fie  feit  Jaaen  ntd)t$  aegeffert  batten,  The  children 
looked  as  though  they  had  not  eaten  anything  for  days. 

Rarely  the  present  subjunctive  is  used  instead  of  the 
preterit:  @3  fd)ien,  ctlS  ob  fie  ibm  nidjt  traue  (or  traute),  77 
seemed  as  though  she  did  not  trust  him.  ($r  faf)  umber,  al3 
fucbe  (or  fud)te)  er  jemanb,  He  looked  about  as  though  he  sought 
some  one. 

Note.  —  The  ob  or  toenn  may  be  omitted,  but  then  the  order  is 
inverted. 

158.  The  Subjunctive  in  Indirect  Discourse.  In  English, 
indirectness  of  speech  (indirect  quotations)  is  usually  in- 
dicated by  a  change  of  tense;  in  German,  by  a  change  of 
mood:  He  said  (that)  he  was  glad  (direct:  I  am  glad),  ($r  fagte, 
er  fet  frof). 

i.  If  the  main  verb  is  in  the  present  tense  or  in  the  first 
person,  the  dependent  verb  may  be  in  the  indicative,  pro- 
vided the  conjunction  bafe  is  not  omitted:    @te  fagt,  oafo  fie 


THE  VERB 


65 


mid)  gefeijert  fyat,    She  says  (that)  she  has  seen  me.     But,  ©ie 
fagt,  fie  fyabt  mtdj  gefeljeri. 

2.  After  a  main  verb  in  any  other  tense  than  the  present, 
the  dependent  verb  is  regularly  put  in  the  subjunctive. 
The  tense  of  the  dependent  verb  does  not  depend  upon  the 
tense  of  the  main  verb,  but  on  its  own  tense  in  the  direct 
statement.     Thus: 


Time  Direct 

Pres.  tdj  bin  jung 

f  idj  roar  jung 
Past        \  id)  bin  iung  geroefen 
[  idj  roar  Jung  geroefen 

Future       id)  ioerbe  Jung  fein 

Fut.  Perf .  idj  roerbe  jung  geroefen  (ein 


Indirect 
er  fei  Jung 
er  roare  jung 

er  fei  fung  geroefen 
er  roare  Jung  geroefen 


Tense 
Present 
Preterit 

Perfect 
Pluperfect 


er  ioerbe  Jung  fein  Future 

er  roiirbe  jung  fein  Pres.  Cond. 

er  roerbe  jung  geroefen  fein  Fut.  Perf. 
er  roiirbe  iung  geroefen  fein  Perf.  Cond. 


Tense  Scheme  for  Indirect  Discourse. 

Indirect,  Subjunctive 
Present 


Direct,  Indicative 
Present 


Preterit 
Present  Perfect 
Past  Perfect 

Future 
Future  Perfect 


Preterit 

Present  Perfect 
Past  Perfect 


J  Future 

1  Present  Conditional 

f  Future  Perfect 

I  Perfect  Conditional 


Note.  —  In  each  of  the  dependent  clauses  the  verb  has  two  different 
forms.  These  can  be  used  interchangeably,  though  generally  the  first 
form  should  be  used,  unless  it  is  like  the  corresponding  indicative. 
The  present  and  preterit  refer  to  present  time,  the  present  perfect  and 
past  perfect  to  past  time,  the  future  and  the  present  conditional  to 
future  time,  and  the  future  perfect  and  perfect  conditional  to  future 
perfect  time. 


66  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

4.  As  in  English,  the  conjunction  bctfj  {that)  may  intro- 
duce the  dependent  clause.  When  this  is  the  case,  the 
order  is  transposed,  otherwise  either  normal  or  inverted: 
@r  fagte,  ha^  ber  Stftcmn  fjeute  ba  fet.  (Sr  fagte,  ber  SD^ann  fet 
fyeute  ba.    (Sr  fagte,  fyeute  fet  ber  SJtomt  ba. 

159.  The  Subjunctive  in  Clauses  of  Purpose.  Purpose 
clauses  have  their  verb  in  the  subjunctive,  though  after  a 
main  verb  in  the  present  the  indicative  is  frequently  used: 
@r  bletbt  $u  ^paufe,  bamit  er  ntdjtS  berfaumt  (berfaume),  He 
stays  at  home  that  he  may  miss  nothing.  Qtf)  berliefc  tf)n, 
bamit  er  mid)  ntdjt  itberrebe,  /  left  him,  that  he  might  not  persuade 
me. 

160.  The  Conditional.  The  conditionals  are  used  as 
alternative  forms  for  the  preterit  and  past  perfect  subjunc- 
tive in  the  result  clauses  of  conditional  sentences  (154)  and 
for  the  future  and  future  perfect  subjunctive  of  indirect 
discourse  (158,  2,  3,  and  note;  also  note  to  155). 

The  conditionals  are  translated  by  would  or  should. 

Use  of  the  Tenses 

161.  The  use  of  the  tenses  with  the  indicative  corresponds 
very  closely  to  the  English.  Notable  deviations  are  the 
following: 

1.  The  present  with  fdjon  (berettS,  erft,  lange)  is  used  for  the 
English  perfect  to  denote  the  continuation  of  an  action  or 
state  that  started  in  the  past:  (§3  regnet  fdjon  bret  £age,  // 
has  been  raining  for  three  days  (and  it  is  still  raining). 

2.  As  the  present  is  used  for  the  English  present  perfect 
so  the  preterit  is^used  for  the  English  past  perfect:  2IIS  id) 
gu  bir  fam,  toar  mem  53rubcr  fd)on  groet  £age  tot,  When  I  came 
to  you,  my  brother  had  been  dead  for  two  days. 

3.  The  present  perfect  tense  may  be  used  in  German  to 
denote  a  single  action  or  state  in  past  time  where  English 


THE  VERB 


67 


demands  the  preterit :  ©eftern  bin  id)  311  &au\t  getoefen,  Yes- 
terday I  was  at  home.  33orige  2Bod)e  fyaben  toir  $artoffeln  ge* 
graben,  Last  week  we  dug  potatoes.  The  preterit,  however, 
would  be  equally  good  in  these  instances. 

Note.  —  South  German  dialects  have  almost  completely  lost  the 
use  of  the  preterit  and  use  the  present  perfect  instead. 

4.  The  future  is  used  for  the  present  to  denote  probability: 
£)u  toirft  ba$  nuf)t  glauben  toolkit,  You  will  probably  not  be 
willing  to  believe  that.  3u  §cmfe  toerben  fie  je^t  toof)l  urn  ben 
£>erb  fi^en  unb  ©efcfytdjten  ergafylen,  At  home  they  are  probably 
sitting  about  the  hearth  now  telling  stories. 

162.    Partial  List  of  Verbs  Governing  the  Dative. 


anttoorter 

t  answer 

gefallen 

please 

mangeln 

be  lacking 

begegnen 

meet 

geljordjeti 

1  obey 

nafyen 

approach 

banfen 

thank 

geljoren 

belong 

nii^en 

benefit 

btenen 

serve 
threaten 

gefdjeljen 
glauben 

happen 
believe 

paffen 

fit 

broken 

fdjaben 

injure 

fetjlert 

lack 

gletdjen 

resemble 

fdjmetdjeln  flatter 

folgen 

follow 

fyelfen 

help 

(uer)trauen 
Siirnen 

trust 
be  angry 

163.    List   of  Troublesome   Verbs.      The  following  verbs 
should  be  carefully  distinguished,  both  in  form  and  meaning. 

ftfcen  fafe  gefeffen,  sit 
fe^en  fe^te  gefe^t,  set 

Itegen  lag  gelegen,  lie,  recline 

liigen  log  gelogen,  lie,  tell  a  falsehood 

legen  legte  gelegt,  lay 

bitten  bat  gebeten,  ask  (for  something) 
bteten  bot  geboten,  offer 
beten  betete  gebetet,  pray 


68  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

totffen  toufjte  getmifet,  know  (facts) 
fennen  fannte  gefannt,  know  (be  acquainted) 
.  fonnen  fonnte  gefonnt,  be  able,  know  (by  heart) 

flier)en  flof)  geflof)en,  flee 
fltegert  flog  geftoam,  fly 

164.  A  number  of  verbs  that  in  English  are  followed  by 
the  present  participle  take  the  present  infinitive  in  German: 
J  saw  him  coming,  3d)  faf)  if)n  fommen.  We  heard  her  speaking, 
2Str  fyorten  fie  reben.  We  went  walking,  2Btr  gtngen  fpa^ieren. 
He  stopped  preaching,  smoking,  drinking,  etc.,  (Sr  fyorte  auf  gu 
prebtgen,  uftD.    They  remained  standing,  ©ie  blteben  ftetjen. 

After  fommen  German  uses  the  past  participle  to  denote 
the  manner,  while  English  uses  the  present  participle:  (Sin 
23ogletn  fam  geftogen,  A  bird  came  flying. 

Miscellaneous 

165.  2113,  toenn,  toann,  when,  are  used  as  follows: 

i.  5113  denotes  definite  past  time:  5113  e3  anfing  m  recmen, 
gmgen  h)ir  in3  $au3,  When  it  began  to  rain,  we  went  into  the 
house.    It  may  also  be  used  in  the  historical  present. 

2.  SSenn  is  used  in  the  present  and  future:  SBenn  e3  regnet, 
geljen  totr  m3  §au3,  Whenever  it  rains,  we  go  into  the  house, 
and  If  it  rains,  we  shall  go  into  the  house.  2Benn  er  angef  ommen 
fein  ftrirb,  When  he  will  have  arrived.  In  the  sense  of  whenever 
it  is  also  used  in  the  past :  SSenn  er  bcmn  fo  etnen  ©djers  mad)te, 
fo  Iad)ten  nnr  alle,  Whenever  he  told  a  joke  of  this  sort,  we  all 
laughed. 

3.  SBcmn  is  only  used  in  questions,  both  direct  and  indirect : 
2Bcmn  ftanben  ©te  auf?  When  did  you  get  up?    (§r  fragte  mtdfj, ' 
toann  id)  aufgeftanben  fet. 

166.  Use  of  nad)  and  nadjbem.  Sftadj,  after  (preposition), 
nad)bem,  after  (conjunction) :   £)u  fommft  nad)  mtr,  You  come 


MISCELLANEOUS  69 

after  me.    ^adjbem  ttrir  ba$  getatt  fatten,    After  we  had  done 
that. 

167.  If  is  translated  by  toerm,  except  in  the  sense  of 
whether,  when  it  is  rendered  by  ob:  2Benn  bie  ©onne  fdjetnt, 
ftrirb  e$  toarm,  //  the  sun  shines,  it  will  be  warm.  3$  ttmjjte 
nic^t,  ob  er  fomtnen  toiirbe,  /  did  not  know  if  {whether)  he 
would  come. 

168.  Ways  of  expressing  time. 

(a)  With  prepositions:  Urn  6  Ufyr  am  9ttorgen,  tm 

SBtnter;  Dor  greet  3afyren,  ftew  years  ago.  Note 
that  oor  with  an  expression  of  time  always 
means  ago. 

(b)  Time  may  be  expressed  without  prepositions : 

1.  Indefinite  time  is  expressed  by  the  genitive:  be£  SD^or- 
fienS,  cineS  £ctge3,  eineS  9?ctd)t3,  be3  ©onntagS. 

2.  Definite  time  and  duration  are  expressed  by  the  accusa- 
tive :  letgte  SBocfye,  ben  gemgen  ©ommer,  ben  4.  Quit. 

169.  Masculine  and  neuter  nouns  denoting  weight,  measure, 
quantity,  number  are  used  in  the  singular  after  numerals, 
and  the  noun  following  is  in  apposition:  X>ret  ^funb  Gutter, 
three  pounds  of  butter  ;  bier  Su6  fang,  four  feet  long.  Of  femi- 
nine nouns  only  bie  SDforf  has  this  peculiarity:  £tod  £ctffen 
%tt,  two  cups  of  tea  ;  but  fiinf  9D?arf. 

170.  The  English  accusative  infinitive  construction  can 
not  be  imitated  in  German.  It  must  be  given  by  a  dependent 
clause :  We  believed  him  to  be  a  poet,  2Bir  gfaubten,  er  fet  (toftre) 
3)idjter.  I  wanted  him  to  write  me  a  recommendation,  3$ 
toollte,  bafe  er  mir  etne  (Smpfefylung  fdjretbe. 


70  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

Prepositions 

171.  The  following  jingles,  crude  as  they  are,  will  help 
the  student  in  memorizing  the  lists  of  prepositions  and  the 
case  or  cases  they  govern. 

i.SBet  burd),  fitr,  ofyne,  urn, 
bi3,  fonber,  gegen,  roiber 

fdjretb  ftetS  ben  trierten  gall  (accusative) 
unb  nte  ben  brttten  (dative)  nteber. 

2.  ^djretb  mit,  nadjft,  nebft,  natfi,  famt, 
^ct,  fcit,  toon,  5it,  proibcr, 
entgegcn,  aufter,  au3 

ftetS  mit  bem  £)atto  nteber  (gegeniiber  also  belongs  here). 

3.  5ln,  anf,  tjtnter,  neben,  tow, 
tiber,  unter,  gtoifrfjen,  in 
ftefjn  mit  bem  TOufatm, 

toenn  man  fragen  mufr.  SSofyin? 
gragt  man  aber:  SSo?  fo  rjat 
allemal  ber  £>atto  ftatt. 

4.  Umtmt,  mtttel3,  fraft,  ijalb,  roafjrenb, 
laut,  fcermijge,  ungead)tet, 
oberfyalb  unb  unterfyaib, 

innerfyalb  unb  aufterfyalb, 
bie£feit(3),  jenfeit(S),  ftalber,  roegen, 
ftatt,  aud)  fang3,  sufotge,  tro<? 
ftefjen  mit  bem  ©enttto 
ober  auf  Me  grage:  SBeffen? 
£>odj  ift  f)ter  ntdjt  gu  fcergeffen, 
bafe  bet  btefen  le^ten  bret 

aud)  ber  Static  rtd)ttg  fet.  (entlang,  urn  .  .  .  mitten,  tjalbcn 

also  belong  here). 


CONJUNCTIONS  71 

Conjunctions 

172.  Coordinating  conjunctions: 

unb,  and 

ober,  or 

benn,  for 

ctber,  but  (most  common  and  weakest  in  force) 

fonbern,  but  (used  only  after  certain  negative  clauses) 

alletn,  but,  however  (not  used  in  colloquial  speech) 

These  conjunctions  connect  clauses  of  equal  rank,  and  do 
not  affect  the  word  order,  fonbern  is  the  only  one  present- 
ing any  difficulty.  It  is  used  only  when  the  speaker  has 
denied  an  assertion,  and  then  states  the  truth  or  his  view: 
SKtr  gittgen  nidjt  nadj  Chicago,  fonbern  ftrir  mad)ten  etnen  2ht3flug 
nadj  (Socmfton,  We  did  not  go  to  Chicago,  but  we  made  an 
excursion  to  Evanston.  ^tcfyt  etne  Nation  ift  frfjulb  an  bem 
$rteg,  fonbern  alle,  Not  one  nation  is  to  blame  for  the  war, 
but  all. 

173.  Subordinating  conjunctions: 

Ctl3,  when  (referring  to  a  single  act  or  event  in  past  time, 

See  165) 
toenn,  when,  whenever,  if.     See  165,  167. 
toctmt,  when  (indirect  questions,  See  165) 
ctlS  ob,  alS  toenn,  as  if,  as  though  (with  subjunctive,  See  157) 
bafc,  that 
toeil,  because 
ba,  since  (cause) 
bt$,  until 
beoor,  before 
efye,  before 

nad)bem,  after.     See  166. 
fett,  or  fettbem,  since  (time) 


72  ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 

tudfyrenb,  while  (in  mere  statements  of  time,  duration) 
tnbem,  while  (denotes  time  by  referring  it  to  an  action  or 

event  [attendant  circumstance]) 
ob,  whether,  if 

obgletd),  obfcfjon,  obtoofyl,  though,  although 
bamtt,  in  order  that 
tote,  how,  as 

This  list  is  not  complete.  Remember  that  all  subordinating 
conjunctions  require  transposed  word  order.  Note  the  fol- 
lowing distinction  in  the  use  of  toafyrenb  and  tnbem:  2Ba()renb 
totr  natf)  ^paufe  gtrtgen,  ergafylte  er  mir  btefe  ©efd)td)te,  While 
we  were  going  home,  he  told  me  this  story.  The  time  during 
which  this  happened  is  indicated.  Qnbem  er  mid)  $ormg  cmfaf), 
fagte  er,  ba3  tft  nid)t  toafyr,  While  (as)  he  looked  (or,  looking) 
at  me  in  anger,  he  said,  that  is  not  true.  Not  duration  of  time, 
but  attendant  circumstance  is  denoted. 


WORD    ORDER 

174.  To  simplify  the  study  of  word  order  we  shall  divide 
the  sentence  into  three  elements:  the  subject  (S)  including 
its  modifiers,  the  inflected  verb  (V),  and  verbal  adjuncts 
(vA)  including  objects,  predicate  noun,  predicate  adjective, 
adverbs,  past  participle,  infinitive,  and  separable  prefix. 

175.  There  are  three  general  types  of  word  order,  which 
can  be  denoted  by  the  following  formulas: 

i.  Normal  =  SV  vA.  £>tefer  ©a£  tft  ntd)t  fang,  This  sen- 
tence is  not  long. 

2.  Inverted  =  (vA)  V  S  (vA).  ©eftern  *)orte  id)  ettoaS  9?eue3, 
Yesterday  I  heard  something  new. 

3.  Transposed  =  S  vA  V.  (Sr  fagte,  bafe  er  glcid)  fommc, 
He  said  that  he  was  coming  at  once. 


WORD  ORDER  73 

176.  The  transposed  (also  called  the  dependent)  word 
order  is  used  only  in  dependent  clauses,  and  nearly  all  de- 
pendent clauses  have  this  order.  For  exceptions  see  178 
and  179. 

177.  Independent  clauses  have  either  normal  or  inverted 
order. 

1.  The  order  of  an  independent  clause  is  inverted  when 
it  is  introduced  by  any  element  (word,  phrase,  or  dependent 
clause)  other  than  the  subject: 

9Q?orgen  rotrb  er  fommen,  He  will  come  to-morrow. 

2In  biefer  ©telle  ftcmb  bctS  alte  ©djulfjauS,  On  this  spot  stood 
the  old  schoolhouse. 

TO  roir  an  ben  93ar)nt)of  famen,  mar  ber  £u$  fd)on  fort,  When 
we  arrived  at  the  station,  the  train  was  already  gone. 

2.  Inverted  order  is  also  used  in  imperative  sentences 
and  in  direct  questions,  unless  the  latter  are  introduced  by 
an  interrogative  word  which  is  the  subject  or  a  modifier 
of  the  subject: 

^er)men  ©ie  fid)  in  ad)t !  Be  on  your  guard. 
§aben  ©ie  fidj  erfaltet  ?    Did  you  take  cold  ? 
2Ben  t)aft  bu  a,efet)en?     Whom  did  you  see  ? 
But: 
2Ber  ift  flier  geroefen  ?  Who  was  here  ? 
SSeldjeS  $3ncf)  ttegt  auf  bem  £tfd)  ?    Which  book  lies  on  the  table  ? 

Other  independent  clauses  have  normal  order. 

Caution  1.  Only  one  element  can  precede  the  verb. 
You  may  say :  ©eftern  far)  id)  jenen  ffiann,  or  $enen  SJcann  far) 
id)  geftern,  but  not  ©efrern  jenen  Wflann  fat)  id). 

Caution  2.  In  normal  order  do  not,  as  in  English,  insert 
an  adverb  between  subject  and  verb:  We  often  walk  home, 
2Btr  gerjen  oft  nact)  §aufe. 


74  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

178.  The  dependent  clauses  of  indirect  discourse  have 
normal  or  inverted  order  whenever  baft  is  omitted : 

(§r  fd)rieb  mtr,  er  toerbe  morgen  fommen,  He  wrote  me  {that) 
he  would  come  to-morrow,  or  (5r  fdjrteb  mtr,  morgen  toerbe  er 
fommen. 

179.  Conditional  clauses  have  inverted  order,  as  in  Eng- 
lish, whenever  the  conjunction  toenn  (if)  is  omitted:  SKcireft 
bu  f)ier  getoefen,  fo  roctre  metn  SBruber  ntd)t  geftorben,  If  you 
had  been  here  (had  you  been  here),  my  brother  would  not  have 
died. 

180.  Infinitives,  past  participles,  and  separable  prefixes 
come  last  in  the1  clause,  except  in  dependent  clauses,  where 
they  immediately  precede  the  verb: 

SBtr  toerben  morgen  nad)  §aufe  fommen,  We  shall  come  home 
to-morrow. 

(§r  fyat  e$  ntdjt  gent  getcm,  He  did  not  like  to  do  it. 

(Bit  ftanben  urn  fiinf  Ufyr  auf,  They  got  up  at  five  o'clock. 

2113  bie  (Sonne  enbltd)  aufgegangen  noar,  madjten  toir  un3  auf 
ben  2Beg,  When  the  sun  had  at  last  risen,  we  set  out  on  our  way. 

181.  Predicate  nouns  and  predicate  adjectives  come  last 
in  an  independent  clause,  except  when  an  infinitive  or  a 
past  participle  is  in  the  clause: 

£)te  $Rofe  ift  rot,  The  rose  is  red. 

@r  ift  ©olbat,  He  is  a  soldier. 

(§3  ift  beute  ntd)t  fait  getoefert,  77  was  not  cold  to-day. 

£>a$  ^Better  nitrb  fdjon  tncrben,  The  weather  will  be  fair. 

182.  Order  of  Objects,  i.  Of  two  objects,  the  indirect 
precedes,  unless  the  direct  is  a  personal  or  a  reflexive  pro- 
noun :  3>r  {gdjiUer  gab  fetnem  £ef)rer  feine  Slnttoort,  The  pupil 
did  not  give  his  teacher  an  answer.   (Sr  gab  mir  em  9)?ef[cr,  He 


WORD   ORDER  75 

gave  me  a  knife.    ($r  gab  e$  tntr,  but  also,  (Ex  gab  mir'3.    <5te 
ftellte  ftdj  mir  Dor,  She  introduced  herself  to  me. 

183.  Order  of  Adverbs,  i.  A  short  adverb  of  time  may 
precede  a  noun  object;  other  adverbs  follow: 

2Bir  fafyen  geftern  etnen  gremben  auf  ber  ©trafje,  We  saw  a 
stranger  on  the  street  yesterday. 

2.  Adverbs  of  time  almost  always  precede  other  adverbs, 
and  adverbs  of  place  usually  come  second:  Sftein  33ruber 
retfte  geftern  morgen  nadj  (Sfytcago,  My  brother  went  to  Chicago 
yesterday  morning.    Note  that  in  English  the  order  is  reversed. 

3.  General  scheme:  Time,  place,  manner,  cause,  purpose: 
SBir  famen  geftern  Don  Sfteutyorf  mit  unfern  ©Item,  urn  bent 
gefte  betgutoofynen,  We  came  from  New  York  yesterday  with  our 
parents  to  attend  the  festival. 

4.  A  single  adverb  modifying  another  adverb  or  adjective 
must  stand  before  it: 

£)er  £nnb  lief  nicr)t  ferjr  fdjnetl.    ©ie  ift  rec^t  t>libfdr). 

184.  The  negatives  ntd)t,  nte,  mentals  usually  follow  the 
object  but  precede  a  predicate  noun,  a  predicate  adjective, 
an  infinitive,  a  past  participle,  a  separable  prefix,  and  a 
transposed  verb.  If  they  negate  any  particular  word  rather 
than  the  predicate  or  the  proposition  in  general,  they  come 
immediately  before  it: 

3dj  fyorte  feme  2Inttoort  ntdjt,  /  did  not  hear  his  answer. 
£)tefe  93lume  ift  ntd)t  rot,  This  flower  is  not  red. 
3d)  fonnte  tfyn  ntd)t  feljen,  /  could  not  see  him.     But:    3dj 
fonnte  tint  ntdjt  beutltdj  fefyen,  /  could  not  see  him  distinctly. 
(§r  fjatte  ba$  ntdjt  getan,  He  had  not  done  that. 
(Sr  tear  geftern  nid)t  gu  §aufe,  He  was  not  at  home  yesterday. 
(§3  gefdjaf)  nidjt  bier,  //  did  not  happen  here. 
2)a3  fotmnt  nicf)t  Don  oben,  That  does  not  come  from  above. 


76  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

3$  gefye  nie  nrieber  in  fein  §au$,  /  will  never  enter  his  house 
again. 

9?id)t  er  fonbern  ©ie  toaren  e£,  It  was  not  he  but  you. 

£>a3  fotnmt  nid)t  fefyr  fyaufig  bor  in  biefer  <Stabt,  That  does 
not  happen  very  often  in  this  city. 

185.  The  " double  infinitive"  (140)  always  comes  at  the 
end  of  the  sentence,  even  in  transposed  order:  ©ie  fatten 
ba$  ntd)t  tun  foden,  You  should  not  have  done  that.  3)a  id)  e3 
nid)t  fyabe  berraten  toolfen,  fagte  id)  gar  nid)t3,  As  I  did  not  wish 
to  give  it  away  (betray  it),  I  said  nothing  at  all. 

186.  The  modifiers  or  the  object  of  an  infinitive  with  gu 
always  precede  it:  C?g  ift  nidjt  leid)t,  biefen  33erg  p  befteigen, 
It  is  not  easy  to  ascend  this  mountain.  (§3  getting  mir,  meinen 
33ater  gu  bereben,  mit  mir  gemeinfdjaftltd)  ein  S3ergeid)ni3  iiber 
bk  bort  lagernben  2Baren  aufmnerjmen,  /  succeeded  in  persuading 
my  father  to  make  with  me  an  inventory  of  the  merchandise 
stored  there. 

187.  The  modifiers  or  object  of  a  participle  precede  it; 
in  English  they  follow:  £)er  bom  SBeften  fommenbe  2Binb  mar 
fefyr  fait,  The  wind  coming  from  the  west  was  very  cold.  Qd) 
la£  foeben  einen  bor  3af)ren  bon  tfmx  erfjaltenen  23rief,  /  have 
just  been  reading  a  letter  received  from  him  years  ago. 

Cautions  and  Suggestions  for  Translation 

The  day  when  foreign  language  courses  consisted  almost 
exclusively  of  grammar  and  translation  is  happily  past.  Yet 
translation  will  always  hold  an  important  place  in  foreign 
language  study  and  teaching.  We  therefore  venture  to  as- 
semble here  a  few  cautions  and  suggestions  that  may  help 
the  student  to  avoid  some  of  the  numerous  pitfalls  that  lie 
in  his  way. 

188.  Guard  against  merely  translating  words.     In  Ger- 


'TRANSLATION  77 

man,  as  in  all  other  languages,  most  words  have  more  than 
one  meaning;  it  therefore  requires  much  care  to  render  each 
expression  by  one  that  will  convey  the  idea  intended  by 
the  author.     The  context  usually  makes  this  clear. 

189.  German  word  order  differs  materially  from  the 
English;  hence  the  student  should  be  on  his  guard  against 
retaining  the  German  order  where  English  demands  a 
different  order.  The  following  are  the  most  important 
differences. 

i.  Transposition  of  the  verb  and  inversion  are  extremely 
common  in  German,  while  in  English  they  are  relatively  rare. 
Note  the  position  of  the  verbs  in  the  following  sentence: 
2113  mem  SBrnber  geftern  morgen  cmfam,  Voax  tdj  fdjon  nctd)  ,£Jaufe 
gegangen,  When  my  brother  arrived  yesterday  morning,  I  had 
already  gone  home. 

2.  In  German  the  past  participle  and  the  infinitive  usually 
have  either  the  last  or  next  to  the  last  place  in  the  clause, 
in  English  they  do  not:  $<§  fonnte  ba%  aire  §au$  nidjt  mefyr 
feljett,  /  could  no  longer  see  the  old  house.  2Btr  fatten  unfere 
lattQen  2lufaaben  griinbltdj  ftubtert,  We  had  thoroughly  studied 
our  long  lessons. 

3.  In  German,  infinitives  and  participles  follow  their 
objects  and  modifiers,  in  English  they  precede  them: 
Cnnen  5£pfel  in  ber  §cmb  fyctltenb,  ftanb  er  ba  imb  toartete  auf 
mid).  (§,&  fiel  tfym  nidjt  einmal  em,  ben  langen  SSeg  nad)  §aufe 
ofyne  33egfetter  mriicf  mlegen,  //  did  not  even  occur  to  him  to  travel 
the  long  way  home  without  a  companion.  3)ie  bom  30.  ©rabe 
M3  m  ben  'ifolen  toefyenben  unteren  SBinbe,  The  lower  winds, 
blowing  from  the  thirtieth  parallel  to  the  poles.  This,  the  so- 
called  participial  construction,  is  very  common  in  German 
and  may  be  rendered  either  by  a  participial  phrase  or  a  rela- 
tive clause,  both  of  which  must  follow  the  noun.  The  usual 
order  of  translation  is:    (1)  the  article  or  limiting  adjective, 


78  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

(2)  the    noun,    (3)  the    participle,    (4)  modifiers    or  object 
of  the  participle. 

4.  Inversion  in  if-clauses,  which  in  English  is  limited  to 
the  forms  had,  were,  could,  and  should  (had  he  been  here, 
were  that  true)  is  extremely  frequent  in  German  and  may 
occur  in  the  case  of  any  verb  and  any  form  of  it.  If,  there- 
fore, the  student  encounters  a  statement  beginning  with 
the  finite  verb,  it  is  safe  to  render  it  as  an  if-clause,  unless 
it  is  a  question  or  command,  or  is  immediately  preceded  by 
a  dependent  clause:  ($rtt>armt  man  1  kg  SBaffer,  if  1  kg.  of 
water  is  heated ;  SStrb  alfo  Staffer  Don  40  C  (4  ©rab  SelftuS)  MS 
auf  o°  C  abgeftifylt,  if  therefore  water  at  40  C.  is  cooled  to  o°  C. 

190.  A  German  comparative  in  form  is  not  always  com- 
parative in  meaning:  (Sine  ciltere  3)ame  fafj  in  bent  2Bagen,  An 
elderly  lady  sat  in  the  carriage. 

191.  Since  reflexive  verbs  are  used  far  less  in  English 
than  in  German,  care  must  be  taken  not  to  translate  a 
German  reflexive  by  a  reflexive  where  the  English  verb 
cannot  be  used.  Thus :  3d)  freue  mid)  is  not  /  rejoice  myself, 
but  /  am  glad. 

192.  Difficult  Words.  One  of  the  most  difficult  tasks 
confronting  the  student  of  German,  or,  for  that  matter,  of 
any  foreign  language,  is  the  mastery  of  certain  particles, 
adverbs,  connectives,  etc.,  which  occur  very  frequently  and 
may  have  a  large  number  of  different  meanings  or  shades  of 
meaning.  The  student  should  be  particularly  careful  to 
master  each  new  word  of  this  type  and  each  new  meaning  of 
such  a  word  the  first  time  he  encounters  it.  It  might  be  well 
to  make  a  list  of  such  words  with  their  various  meanings, 
adding  new  words  and  illustrative  examples  to  it  from  day 
to  day.  The  list  given  here  contains  only  a  small  number; 
it  is  intended  to  suggest  to  the  student  a  method  of  solving 
the  difficulties  rather  than  to  solve  them  for  him. 


TRANSLATION  79 

193.  $a  is  used: 

1.  As  an  adverb  of  place  and  time,  there,  here,  then:  9Ba3 
fyaft  bu  ba,  Wlaxk?  What  have  you  there,  Marie?  £)a  bin  tdj, 
Here  I  am.  £)a  fiel  mtr  aud)  mein  Xraum  em,  Then  my  dream 
occurred  to  me,  too.  In  each  case  the  context  will  reveal 
which  is  the  proper  meaning. 

2.  Sometimes  it  is  best  rendered  by  when:  $Dte  33riiber 
toaren  eben  fort,  ba  famen  bie  Altera,  The  brothers  had  just  gone 
when  their  parents  came. 

3.  As  causal  conjunction,  since,  as:  £)ct  id)  m'djt  antloortete, 
fragte  er  toteber,  Since  (as)  I  did  not  answer,  he  asked  again. 

4.  As  temporal  conjunction,  as,  when:  2lber  niemal$  guOor, 
ba  nodj  mein  $ater  unfefylbar  Oor  mtr  ftanb,  fjabe  id)  foldje  £>axU 
Iidc)fett  fiir  tint  flefiifylt,  tote  in  jener  ©tunbe,  ba  er  mtr  jene  £at 
Oertrante;  But  never  before,  when  my  father  still  stood  before 
me  infallible,  did  I  feel  such  tenderness  for  him  as  in  the  hour 
when  he  confided  that  deed  to  me. 

As  conjunction,  either  causal  or  temporal,  it  has  trans- 
posed order  and  can  thus  be  readily  recognized. 

5.  Colloquially  it  is  used  very  frequently  with  various 
shades  of  meaning  that  can  not  well  be  classified  and  often 
defy  translation  or  should  not  be  translated:  T)k  fjarten 
banner!  £)a  fytlft  fetn  bitten,  The  hard(-hearted)  men!  Plead- 
ing is  of  no  avail  with  them.  SDa  follte  man  bod)  ba%  aange 
S3efttenjeug  oor  ben  $opf  fdjtefjen,  toenn'3  m  toetter  nicfyts  ba 
toare,  al3,  etc.,  In  that  case,  one  really  ought  to  shoot  the  beasts, 
one  and  all,  if  they  exist  for  no  other  purpose  than,  etc. 

194.  Sftun  may  be  used: 

1.  As  an  adverb  of  time,  now:  ^un  famen  bte  anbern  and), 
Now  the  others  came  also.  $ftun  fam  er  an  bit  SRetfye,  Now  his 
turn  came. 

2.  As  a  so-called  sentence  adverb,  well:  9hm,  n)k  gefyt  e$ 


80  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

3^rent  23ater?  Well,  how  is  your  father?  In  this  latter 
meaning,  it  is  always  set  off  by  a  comma  and  can  therefore 
be  readily  recognized. 

195.  $et  (bte,  ba3).  The  beginner  frequently  finds  it 
difficult  to  tell  whether  a  given  form  of  ber  is  an  article,  a 
relative  pronoun,  or  a  demonstrative  pronoun. 

i.  As  an  article  ber  (bte,  ba$)  is  used  with  a  noun,  though 
it  may  be  far  removed  from  it  by  adjective  modifiers:  £)a3 
Dor  furger  £dt  neu  angeftrtdjene  £>au3  tourbe  berfauft,  The  house 
which  was  newly  painted  a  short  time  ago  was  sold. 

2.  When  it  introduces  a  clause  that  has  transposed  word 
order,  it  is  a  relative  pronoun:  £)a3  £>au$,  ba$  bor  furger 
gett  neu  angeftrtdjen  tourbe,  tft  berfauft  toorben. 

3.  When  it  introduces  a  clause  having  normal  or  inverted 
word  order,  it  is  a  demonstrative  pronoun  (unless  it  is  the 
article) :  £)te  2lrt  lafj'  id)  Mr  ba,  bte  fyalt  feft,  /  shall  leave  the 
ax  here  for  you,  hang  on  to  it.  As  in  this  case,  the  demonstra- 
tive pronoun  ber  is  frequently  best  translated  by  a  personal 
pronoun. 

196.    Syllabication 

1.  Words  are  divided  into  syllables  according  to  the 
division  that  takes  place  in  pronouncing  them  slowly. 

2.  In  simple  words  a  single  consonant  between  two  vowels 
goes  with  the  syllable  that  follows :  ge-ben,  le=fen.  Note  that 
d),  fd),  6,  ft,  pf),  tfy  are  regarded  as  one  sound:  33it-d)er,  grower, 
$a=ften. 

3.  Of  several  consonants  and  double  consonants  only  the 
last  one  is  carried  over:  ^un^ge,  ©titb-te,  ef=fen,  $nof~pe, 
2ln=fer,  frat=gen,  fcimp=fen.    cf  is  resolved  into  f =f ,  ^paf =fe. 

Note.  —  In  foreign  words  the  combinations  of  b,  p,  b,  t,  g,  f,  with  I 
or  r  regularly  belong  to  the  following  syllable:  ^u^lifum,  9tte=tnim, 
ge=bruar. 


CAPITALS  8 1 

4.  Compound  words  are  divided  according  to  their  com- 
ponents: §au§=bad),  bar=an,  bor^auS,  bar=unt,  be=ob-ad)teti, 
boII=enben,  £)ten3=tag,  3nter=effe. 

197.    Capitals 

1.  All  nouns  begin  with  a  capital  letter:  baS  ^paitS,  Me 
geber. 

2.  All  words  used  as  nouns  (adjectives,  participles, 
infinitives,  etc.)  begin  with  a  capital  letter:  ber  2trme,  ber 
(Mefyrte,  bctS  ©ingen,  ettoaS  9?eue3. 

Note.  —  Be  careful  to  distinguish  between  adjectives  used  as  nouns 
and  adjectives  with  noun  omitted.  Thus:  ©in  Sftetdjer  6ea,egnete  etnem 
Sfrmett  auf  ber  ©trajje,  ^4  ric//  »m»  we/  a  />oor  wa«  ow  the  street.  But, 
gtoet  banner  bcgegneten  fid)  auf  ber  ©trafee,  ein  reiser  unb  etn  armer. 

3.  The  pronoun  ©te,  yo«,  and  its  possessive  3fyr,  y^wr, 
and  in  letters  all  pronouns  and  possessive  adjectives  referring 
to  the  one  addressed,  are  capitalized.  The  pronoun  ict)  is 
not  capitalized. 

4.  Proper  adjectives  are  capitalized  only  when  they  are 
part  of  a  proper  name:  bctS  3>utfdje  9tod),  but  ba$  beutfcfye 
SSoIf,  Me  engu'fdje  $reffe. 

198.    Punctuation 

The  most  important  differences  between  English  and 
German  punctuation  are  the  following: 

1.  In  German  all  subordinate  clauses  are  set  off  by 
commas. 

2.  In  a  series  where  the  last  two  members  are  connected 
by  a  conjunction  the  comma  is  not  used  before  the  conjunc- 
tion: geber,  Xtnte  unb  papier  ftnb  ba. 

3.  A  single  word  used  parenthetically  is  not  set  off  by 
commas :  S0?etn  23ruber  jebodj  mar  ntcf)t  gefommen,  My  brother, 
however,  had  not  come. 


82  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

QUESTIONS   AND    SUGGESTIONS   FOR   EXERCISES 

Articles   and   Nouns 

i.  How  does  German  differ  from  English  in  the  use  of 
the  definite  article?  the  indefinite  article?  2.  When  may 
the  definite  article  in  German  take  the  place  of  the  pos- 
sessive adjective?  Give  examples  illustrating  fully  your 
answers  to  questions  1  and  2.  (Do  not  confine  your  illustra- 
tions to  those  given  in  the  grammar.) 

3.  What  genders  does  German  have?  4.  Give  rules  for 
the  determination  of  gender.  5.  With  the  help  of  these 
rules  determine  the  gender  of  the  following  nouns :  grilling, 
(Efyrtftentum,  Abetter,  SBhmte,  3ung.e,  £>of)e,  ^rcmffyett,  ©tubmen, 
$itnglem,  231iimd)en,  £epptd),  ©angerm,  (Smtgfett,  (Sljcmte, 
Nation,  9?atur,  ©olb,  9?orben,  UtttDerfttat,  greunbfdjaft,  Ubung, 
SBatferet,  53ofton,  @tubium,  ©ebiiube,  §ontg,  9D?a%mattf,  9Q?at, 
SDHtttDod). 

6.  Name  the  different  noun  declensions,  and  give  the 
characteristics  of  each.  7.  What  nouns  do  not  change  in 
the  singular?  8.  Which  case  has  the  same  ending  in  all 
declensions?  9.  Name  and  distinguish  the  different  classes 
of  the  strong  declension.  10.  Do  nouns  of  class  I  of  the  strong 
declension  ever  take  -eS  in  the  genitive  singular?  11.  What 
nouns  of  classes  II  and  III  of  the  strong  declension  take 
-e3  in  the  genitive  singular?  12.  What  nouns  belong  to  the 
first  class  of  the  strong  declension?  13.  Give  the  member- 
ship of  the  weak  declension.  Which  weak  nouns  take  -n 
and  which  -en?  14.  What  nouns  take  umlaut  in  the  plural ? 
15.  In  which  class  are  there  no  neuter  nouns?  in  which  no 
feminines  ?  16.  What  peculiarity  in  spelling  should  be  noted 
in  the  inflection  of  nouns  in  -nt$,  -in,  -fe  ?  Write  the  princi- 
pal parts  of  ©efangntS,  2lrbeiterm,  ber  gufj,  ber  glufe.     17. 


QUESTIONS  83 

What  inflectional  ending  do  proper  names  take?  18.  When 
is  the  definite  article  used  with  proper  names  ?  19.  How  does 
the  use  of  the  definite  article  affect  the  inflection  of  proper 
names  ?  20.  Write  out  the  principal  parts  of  all  nouns  in 
your  reading  lesson,  and  state  to  which  declension  and 
class  each  belongs.  Thus:  Me  ^poffnung,  ber  ^poffnung,  bit 
$offnungen,  wk. 

Adjectives 

1.  What  is  an  adjective?  2.  What  is  meant  by  the  term 
modify?  3.  What  two  kinds  of  adjectives  are  there?  De- 
fine them.    4.  When  are  adjectives  inflected  and  when  not? 

5.  How  are  they  inflected?     When  weak?     When  strong? 

6.  Do  the  terms  weak  and  strong  mean  the  same  when  ap- 
plied to  adjectives  as  when  applied  to  nouns?  7.  What  is 
a  distinctive  ending?  8.  WTiat  words  have  distinctive  end- 
ings? 9.  Where  do  the  indefinite  article  em  and  words 
declined  like  it  (ein^words)  have  no  distinctive  ending  ? 
10.  Which  are  the  em=words?  11.  How  are  adjectives  in  a 
series  (two  or  more  adjectives  modifying  one  noun)  inflected? 
12.  How  are  adjectives  and  participles  inflected  when  used 
as  nouns?  13.  When  are  adjectives  derived  from  proper 
names  capitalized  ?  When  not  ?  14.  What  peculiarity  have 
adjectives  ending  in  -er  formed  from  names  of  places?  15. 
What  peculiarity  must  be  noted  in  the-  declension  of  ad- 
jectives ending  in  -e,  -el,  -en,  -er?  16.  Pick  out  all  the 
descriptive  adjectives  in  your  reading  lesson  and  answer  the 
following  questions  with  regard  to  each.  Inflected  or  not  ? 
Why  or  why  not  ?     If  inflected,  how  and  why  ? 

17.  What  is  meant  by  comparison  of  adjectives?  18. 
How  are  adjectives  compared  in  English?  19.  What  de- 
termines the  manner  of  comparison  in  English?  20.  Does 
the  length  of  an  adjective  in  German  have  any  influence 
on  the  manner  of  comparison?    21.  How  is  the  comparative 


84  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

generally  formed?  The  superlative?  22.  What  exceptions 
are  there  to  this  rule?  Explain  them.  23.  When  are  ad- 
jectives compared  by  means  of  adverbs?  What  adverbs  are 
used  for  this  purpose?  24.  Distinguish  between  the  relative 
superlative  and  the  adverbial  superlative  as  to  form.  When 
is  each  used?  25.  Can  all  adjectives  be  compared?  Give 
reason  for  your  answer.  26.  What  is  descending  compari- 
son? How  is  it  indicated?  How  are  the  comparative  and 
the  superlative  forms  of  the  adjective  inflected? 
27.    How  are  adverbs  compared? 

Numerals 

1.  Which  of  the  numerals  may  be  inflected,  and  how? 
2.  How  are  ordinals  formed?  Illustrate  and  give  excep- 
tions. 3.  How  are  the,  ordinal  adverbs  erftenS,  gft>eiten3,  etc. 
formed?  4.  How  are  fractions  formed?  5.  In  what  ways 
may  a  date  be  given  in  German  ? 

Pronouns  and  Pronominal  Adjectives 

1.  Name  and  define  the  various  kinds  of  pronouns.  2. 
Decline  the  personal  pronouns.  3.  Explain  and  illustrate 
fully  the  use  of  bu,  ifyr,  @te  as  pronouns  of  address.  4.  What 
is  meant  by  adverbial  compounds?  5.  Explain  and  illus- 
trate by  at  least  five  sentences  the  use  of  adverbial  com- 
pounds instead  of  personal  pronouns.  6.  Explain  and 
illustrate  the  absolute  use  of  e$,  bteS,  ba$,  toeldjeS. 

7.  How  are  possessives  declined  when  used  as  pronouns? 
as  adjectives?  8.  When  are  possessive  pronouns,  used  in 
the  predicate,  inflected?     When  not? 

9.  Name  the  relative  pronouns.  10.  How  are  they  used? 
n.  How  are  they  declined?  12.  May  the  relative  ever  be 
omitted  in  German  as  it  is  in  English?    13.  What  determines 


QUESTIONS  85 

the  gender  and  number  of  a  relative?  14.  What  determines 
its  case?  15.  Explain  and  illustrate  the  use  of  adver  ial 
compounds  instead  of  relative  pronouns.  16.  What  are 
the  compound  relatives?  17.  How  are  they  declined?  18. 
Explain  and  illustrate  the  use  of  each.  19.  What  kind  of 
antecedent  does  a  compound  relative  never  have?  20.  When 
must  the  antecedent  of  tner  be  expressed  ? 

21.  Name  the  interrogative  pronouns.  22.  Which  of 
these  may  also  be  used  as  adjectives?  23.  Explain  and 
illustrate  the  use  of  each  of  the  interrogatives.  24.  Explain 
and  illustrate  the  use  of  adverbial  compounds  instead  of 
the  interrogatives. 

25.  Name  the  demonstratives  and  give  the  meaning  of 
each.  26.  How  does  the  demonstrative  pronoun  ber  differ 
in  declension  from  the  demonstrative  adjective  ber?  from 
the  article  ber?  from  the  relative  ber?  27.  How  is  berfelbe 
declined  ? 

28.  What  forms  are  used  for  the  missing  genitive,  dative, 
and  accusative  of  man?  29.  What  inflectional  changes  do 
iemcmb,  niemcmb,  and  ieberrrtctnn  have?  30.  How  are  ettt)a6 
and  m'(f)t3  inflected?     31.  How  are  they  used? 

Verbs 

1.  What  is  a  verb?  a  transitive  verb?  an  intransitive 
verb?  a  weak  verb?  a  strong  verb?  an  irregular  weak  verb? 
an  auxiliary  verb?  2.  What  are  the  modifications  of  the 
verb?  Define  each.  3.  How  is  the  stem  of  a  verb  found? 
4.  What  are  the  principal  parts  of  a  verb?  5.  What  is  a 
simple  tense?  a  compound  tense?  6.  What  auxiliaries  have 
we  in  German?  7.  Which  verbs  take  fein?  What  excep- 
tions are  there  to  this  rule  ?  8.  What  is  the  auxiliary  of 
the  future  ?  9.  How  are  infinitives  inflected  when  used  as 
nouns  ?    Of  what  gender  are  they  ?     10.  How  is  the  passive 


86  ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

infinitive  formed?  the  perfect  infinitive?  n.  How  is  the 
present  participle  formed?  the  perfect  participle?  12.  Is 
the  meaning  of  the  gerundive  (the  present  participle  with 
gu)  active  or  passive?  13.  How  are  participles  declined 
when  used  as  adjectives  or  nouns?  14.  Which  verbs  do 
not  take  ge-  in  the  past  participle?  Why?  15.  In  the 
case  of  separable  verbs,  what  is  the  position  of  the  ge-  in  the 
past  participle  and  of  gu  in  the  infinitive  ? 

16.  How  many  and  what  moods  have  we  in  German? 
17.  How  many  and  what  tenses?  18.  Does  each  mood 
have  all  the  tenses?  19.  Give  the  formula  or  rule  for  the 
formation  of  each  of  the  compound  tenses  in  all  the  moods. 
20.  Do  the  tenses  of  the  various  moods  correspond  in 
meaning? 

21.  Which  of  the  two  forms  of  the  preterit  of  rnerben  is 
generally  used?  Where  is  the  other  used?  22.  How  is 
the  preterit  of  a  weak  verb  formed?  23.  Where  are  the 
indicative  and  the  subjunctive  of  weak  verbs  alike?  24. 
What  principle  governs  the  use  of  the  subjunctive  forms 
which  are  like  the  indicative  forms?  25.  What  irregularity 
is  there  in  the  conjugation  of  the  verbs  ending  in  -eln,  -em  ? 
Illustrate  fully.  26.  What  weak  verbs  require  the  connect- 
ing vowel  e  ?     Where  ?     Illustrate. 

27.  How  many  and  what  forms  does  the  imperative  mood 
have?  28.  When  are  the  familiar  forms  used?  the  polite? 
29.  When  may  the  subject  be  expressed  in  the  familiar 
forms?  Where  is  it  always  expressed?  30.  Why  is  the 
subject  of  the  polite  form  always  capitalized? 

31.  What  peculiarity  do  some  strong  verbs  have  in  the 
present  tense?  In  which  forms?  32.  Which  verbs  have  this 
peculiarity?  33.  Which  of  these  also  have  this  change  in 
the  imperative?  In  which  form?  34.  What  other  irregu- 
larity do  these  imperative  forms  have?     35.  When  is  the 


QUESTIONS  87 

connecting  vowel  used  in  strong  verbs?  Where  do  strong 
verbs  differ  in  this  respect  from  weak  verbs?  36.  How  is 
the  preterit  subjunctive  of  strong  verbs  formed? 

37.  Which  are  the  inseparable  verbal  prefixes?  38.  Do 
inseparable  verbs  differ  in  any  way  from  the  simple  verbs 
with  respect  to  their  conjugation?  If  so,  where  and  how? 
39.  Does  a  compound  verb  always  have  the  same  auxiliary 
as  the  simple  verb?  40.  In  what  tenses  are  separable  verbs 
separated?  41.  When  are  they  not  separated  in  these 
tenses?     42.  Where  does  the  prefix  come  when  separated? 

43.  Where  does  the  chief  accent  fall  in  separable  verbs? 

44.  What  is  the  position  of  ge-  in  the  past  participle  and  of 
git  in  the  infinitive?  45.  Do  these  verbs  offer  any  special 
difficulties  in  their  conjugation  ?  46.  Which  prefixes  are  at 
times  separable,  at  others  not?  What  rule  governs  the 
matter  ? 

47.  What  is  a  reflexive  verb?  48.  Do  they  differ  from 
other  verbs  in  conjugation?  49.  What  is  the  reflexive  pro- 
noun of  the  third  person?  of  the  first  singular?  first  plural? 
second  singular?  second  plural?  50.  What  auxiliary  do  all 
reflexives  take? 

51.  Distinguish  between  active  and  passive  voice.  52. 
Which  verbs  may  have  a  passive?  53.  Distinguish  between 
the  real  and  the  apparent  passive,  (a)  as  to  formation;  (b) 
as  to  meaning  and  use.  Illustrate  fully.  54.  What  change 
does  the  past  participle  of  toerbert  undergo  when  used  as  an 
auxiliary  of  the  passive?  55.  How  is  the  agent  with  the 
passive  expressed  in  English  ?  in  German  ?  56.  What  in- 
transitive verbs  may  have  a  passive?  What  is  the  subject 
of  such  a  passive?  When  is  this  not  expressed?  57.  What 
substitutes  are  there  for  the  passive  ?  58.  After  which  verbs 
does  the  active  infinitive  often  have  passive  force  ? 

59.  What    does    the    term    modal    auxiliary    mean?      60. 


88  ELEMENTS  OF  GERMAN  GRAMMAR 

What  peculiarity  of  conjugation  have  these  verbs  in  the 
present  indicative?  61.  What  other  verb  has  this?  62. 
Which  of  the  modals  has  imperative  forms?  63.  What 
peculiarity  of  conjugation  have  these  verbs  in  their  perfect 
tenses  when  used  with  a  dependent  infinitive?  64.  What 
position  does  the  "  double  infinitive  "  take  in  the  sentence? 

65.  What  other  verbs,  given  a  dependent  infinitive  without 
git,  may  have  the  same  construction  in  their  perfect  tenses  ? 

66.  Can  folten  and  toolfen  be  at  all  used  as  auxiliaries  of  the 
future  ? 

67.  What  is  an  impersonal  verb  ?  68.  What  difference  of 
construction  is  there  between  (53  frtert  mid)  and  I  am  freezing  ? 
69.  When  should  there  is  (are)  be  translated  by  e3  Qtbt  and 
when  by  e$  tft  (ftnb)  ? 

70.  When  is  the  indicative  mood  used?  71.  What  sub- 
stitutes are  there  for  the  imperative?  Illustrate.  72.  When 
is  the  subjunctive  used?  73.  What  tenses  of  the  subjunctive 
may  be  used  to  express  a  wish?  When  is  the  preterit  used? 
when  the  pluperfect?  74.  Where  is  the  imperative  sub- 
junctive used?  75.  What  English  construction  is  its  equiva- 
lent? 76.  WThat  other  way  is  there  in  German  to  express 
such  a  command?  77.  What  is  the  word  order  in  a  clause 
having  an  imperative  subjunctive?  78.  In  what  kind  of 
conditional  sentences  is  the  indicative  used?  79.  In  what 
kind  the  subjunctive?  80.  What  tenses  of  the  subjunctive 
may  be  used  in  unreal  conditions?  81.  When  is  the  preterit 
used?  the  pluperfect?  82.  What  alternative  forms  have 
we  for  these?  Explain  and  illustrate  their  use.  83.  What  is 
the  word  order  in  the  result  clause?  In  the  if-clause?  84. 
When  does  the  dependent'  clause  in  these  sentences  not  have 
transposed  word  order?  85.  What  idea  is  usually  expressed 
by  the  potential  subjunctive?  86.  With  what  verbs  is  it  most 
common?     87.  Explain  the  use  of  the  subjunctive  in  com- 


QUESTIONS  89 

parisons.  88.  How  are  such  clauses  introduced?  89.  What 
is  meant  by  indirect  discourse?  90.  How  is  indirectness  of 
speech  indicated  in  English?  in  German?  91.  When  may 
the  indicative  be  used  in  indirect  discourse?  92.  What 
determines  the  tense  of  the  dependent  verb?  93.  What  is 
the  order  of  the  dependent  clause?  94.  Illustrate  and  ex- 
plain how  the  tenses  of  the  direct  and  indirect  statements 
correspond.  95.  Which  of  the  two  possible  forms  of  an 
indirect  statement  is  to  be  used  ordinarily?  96.  In  what 
mood  do  purpose  clauses  require  their  verb? 

97.  When  is  the  present  tense  used?  When  the  preterit? 
98.  What  tense  largely  takes  the  place  of  the  future  in  col- 
loquial English  and  German?  99.  What  is  the  historical 
present?  its  purpose?  100.  When  is  the  present  used  for 
the  English  perfect?  the  preterit  for  the  English  past  per- 
fect?    101.  When  is  the  future  used  for  the  present? 

Exercises.  —  1.  Using  the  model  below,  give  the  construc- 
tion of  all  the  verbs  in  your  reading  lesson:  (§r  berh'ef}  je^t 
bctS  ^inxmer.  23erltefe,  3d  sing.  pret.  ind.  act.  of  berlaffen,  er 
berlajjt,  er  berltejj,  er  §at  berlaffen.  2.  Write  a  synopsis  in  the 
indicative  and  subjunctive  active  of  3)u  fcmnft  ba3  33ucf)  lefen. 

3.  Pick  out  the  transitive  verbs  of  your  reading  lesson  and 
change  the  clauses  in  which  they  are  used  into  the  passive. 

4.  Select  from  your  reading  lesson  some  portion  of  a  dialog 
in  direct  discourse  and  change  it  to  indirect  discourse. 
Direct:  „3?dj  metne,  toctS  toar  e3  etgentlidj,  ba%  ba%  Unajittf  liber 
betne  gamilte  bradjte?"  Indirect:  £)er  3unge  fagte  ju  fetner 
greunbtn,  er  meine,  toag  e3  eigentlidj  getoefen  fet,  bag  ba$  Uncjliicf 
iiber  ifyre  Samttie  gebrac^t  fjabe.  5.  Reverse  the  process  under 
4  with  a  different  passage. 


90  ELEMENTS  OF   GERMAN   GRAMMAR 

Word  Order 

I.  Name  and  define  the  different  types  of  word  order. 
Give  examples  of  each.  2.  When  is  the  inverted  order  used? 
Illustrate  fully.  3.  When  is  the  transposed  or  dependent 
order  used?  4.  What  kind  of  dependent  clauses  have  in- 
verted order?  normal  order?  Give  examples  of  each.  5. 
What  order  may  an  interrogative  sentence  have?  6.  What 
is  the  position  of  the  verb  in  an  indirect  question?  7.  What 
is  the  order  of  an  imperative  sentence?  8.  What  is  the  order 
of  adverbs?  9.  What  is  the  position  of  a  predicate  noun? 
a  predicate  adjective?  the  direct  object?  the  indirect  object? 
(both  or  either  as  noun  or  pronoun).  10.  What  is  the  posi- 
tion of  infinitives,  past  participles,  and  separable  prefixes? 
11.  What  is  the  position  of  the  finite  verb  in  a  dependent 
clause  with  a  double  infinitive?  12.  What  is  the  position 
of  the  negatives?  13.  How  does  the  position  of  the  modifiers 
and  objects  of  participles  and  infinitives  differ  in  German 
from  their  order  in  English?     Illustrate  all  your  answers. 

14.  Define  and  account  for  the  position  of  each  verb  in 
your  reading  lesson.  15.  What  is  the  position  of  the 
finite  verb  in  clauses  introduced  by  the  following  words: 
baft,  benn,  toetl,  unb,  ba  (since),  ba  (there  or  then),  al$,  toann 
(two  possibilities),  toenrt,  bamtt  (conjunction),  aber,  ber  (rela- 
tive), ob,  efye,  nad)bem  ?  16.  Use  the  above  words  in  sentences. 
17.  In  the  following  sentences  correct  the  errors  and  state 
the  rule  violated  in  each  case.  Oft  ttrir  gtngen  nad)  §aufe. 
3d)  faum  toufcte,  toaS  gu  tun.  ©eftem  auf  ber  ©trafee  fallen  ttnr 
biele  9ftenfd)en.  §eute  morgen  id)  erbtelt  einen  SBrtef.  TO  ber 
$rteg  anftng,  man  crtoartete  md)t,  bafc  er  toiirbe  bauern  (last) 
fo  lemg.  $8crben  @te  nadj  ber  ©tabt  morgen  gefjen  ?  £>aben  <&k 
gefefyen  inein  93ud)  ?    3a,  id)  fyabe  bem  £e()rer  e3  gegeben. 


INDEX 


INDEX 


(References  are  to  sections  of  the  text) 


adjectives,  4,  12,  46-74:  definition 
of,  4;  modifications  of,  12;  limiting 
and  descriptive,  46;  rule  for  in- 
flection of,  50;  weak  declension  of, 
51-53;  strong  declension  of,  54- 
56;  used  as  nouns,  60-61;  proper, 
62;  irregularities  of  declension, 
62;  comparison  of,  64-72;  relative 
and  adverbial  superlatives,  68; 
irregular  comparison,  70;  peri- 
phrastic comparison,  71;  descend- 
ing comparison,  72;  possessive,  83, 
85;  interrogative,  93;  demonstra- 
tive, 95-98;  participles  used  as, 
60,  109,  3;  used  as  adverbs,  73 
adverbial  compounds,  80,  89,  94 
adverbs,  6,  73,  77:  definitions  of,  6; 
comparison  of,  73;   ordinal,  77 

al£,  roemt,  roamt,  165, 173 
ttl£  and  rote,  65  note 

at§  oh,  al$  roemt,  173 

articles,     18-23:      definite,     18-21; 

indefinite,    22,    23;     contractions, 

19 

capitals,  197 

conjunctions,  coordinating,  172;   sub- 
ordinating, 173 
connecting  vowel,  117,  122 

ba,  uses  of,  193 
ber,  bie,  ba£,  195 
biefer,  96,  97 
bu=form,  79,  118 


e3  gtbt  (tft),  144 
tttvad,  99,  3 

gender,  11,  24,  25 
gerundive,  109,  2 

haOcn,  conjugation  of,  111;  verbs 
that  take  fiabett,  107 

imperative  mood,  118,  121,  146 
imperative  subjunctive,  149 
indirect  discourse,  158 
infinitives,  108,  140;  accusative,  170 
interjections,  9 

jemanb,  99, 2 
iebermatm,  99 

lofietl,  conjugation  of,  115 

tnan,  99, 1 

manner,  53c 

modal  auxiliaries,  138-142 :  principal 
parts  of,  138;  conjugation  in  pres- 
ent, 139;  with  dependent  infini- 
tives, 140;    meaning  of,  142 

moods,  kinds  and  definitions  of,  5; 
uses  of,  145-160 

nacfj  and  nacfybetn,  166 
mdjtS,  99,  3 
niemanb,  99 

nouns:  kinds  and  definitions  of,  2; 
modifications  of  (person,  number, 


94 


INDEX 


gender,  fa.se)  11 ;  rules  for  gender, 
25;  declension  of,  26  ff.;  general 
scheme,  33;  strong,  34-38;  weak, 
40-41;  mixed,  42-43;  proper,  45; 
of  weight,  169 

numerals,  74-77:  cardinals,  74;  ordi- 
nals, 75;  fractions,  76;  ordinal 
adverbs,  77 

HUH,  uses  of,  194 

participles,  present,    109;    past,   110 
passive,  128-137:    auxiliary  of,  131- 

132;   real,  130, 131, 134;   apparent, 

130,   132,   135;     agent   with,   133; 

substitutes  for,  137 
prefixes,  inseparable,  124;   separable, 

125;    doubtful,  125  note 
prepositions,  definitions,  8;   lists,  171 
principal  parts,  of  nouns,  32  note  i; 

of  verbs,  102 
pronouns:    kinds  and  definitions  of, 

3;    personal,  78;    of  address,  79; 

agreement,  81;  absolute  use  of  e£, 

bteS,   bad,  metered,  82,  93,  98; 

possessive,  83-85;  relative,  86-92; 
agreement  with  antecedent,  88; 
tt)er,  90,  91;  roa£,  90,  92;  inter- 
rogative, 93;  demonstrative,  95- 
98;  indefinite,  99 
punctuation,  198 

frfllagcn,  120 

fetit,  conjugation  of,  113;  verbs  that 
take  fetit,  107 

sentence,  kinds  and  definitions  of, 
14 

fid)  frcucn,  127,  i 

fid)  fdimctrficln,  127,  2 

fold),  53c,  96,  1 

fottbertt,  after,  aftettt,  172 

subjunctive,  147-160:    optative,  148 
imperative,  149;    conditional,  150 
potential,    155;      concessive,    156 
comparison,     157;      indirect     dis- 
course, 158;    purpose,  159 


superlative,  64,  68 
syllabication,  196 

tenses,  formation  of,  112;  of  the 
subjunctive,  147;   use  of,  161 

tense  scheme,  for  unreal  conditions, 
152;  for  indirect  discourse,  158, 
2,  3 

time,  ways  of  expressing,  168 

umlaut,  of  nouns,  33,  36,  3,  38,  2,  40 
note  1,  44;  of  adjectives,  65;  of 
verbs,  121,  123 

unreal  conditions,  150-157 

verbs,  100-164:  definitions  of,  5; 
modifications  of,  13;  stem  of,  101; 
principal  parts  of,  102;  weak,  103, 
115-118;  irregular  weak,  103, 119; 
connecting  vowel,  117,  122;  strong, 

103,  120-123;  vowel  change  in 
the  present  indicative  of  strong 
verbs,   121;     formation  of   tenses, 

104,  112;  tense  auxiliaries,  105, 
111-114;  rule  for  fettt  and  batten, 
107;  modal  auxiliaries,  105,  138- 
142;  infinitives,  108,  140;  partici- 
ples, 109,  110;  verbs  in  — cllt  and 
-em,  116;  inseparable,  124;  sepa- 
rable, 125;  reflexive,  126,  127; 
preterit  subjunctive,  123;  passive 
voice,  128-137;  auxiliary  of  the 
future,  112,  3,  4,  142  caution;  im- 
personal, 143,  144;  with  dative, 
162 

vowel  change  in  present  indicative  of 
strong  verbs,  121,  122 

rotihrcnb  and  tnbem,  173 

roanbent,  116 

roamt,  165, 173 

ftjad,  relative,  90,  92;    interrogative, 

93 
roaS  fiir  cin,  93  note 
mean,  165, 167, 173 


INDEX 


95 


foer,  relative,  90,  92;    interrogative, 
93 

toerben,  114 

toiffen,  139,  2 

word  order,  174-187:   kinds  of,  175; 

transposed,     176;     normal,     177; 

inverted,    177-179;    of    infinitives, 


past  participles,  and  separable 
prefixes,  180;  of  predicate  nouns 
and  predicate  adjectives,  181;  of 
objects,  182;  of  adverbs,  183;  of 
negatives,  184;  of  double  infinitive, 
185;  of  modifiers  or  objects  of 
infinitives  and  participles,  186,  187 


Ibeatb's  /l&ofcern  Xanguage  Series 

GERMAN  GRAMMARS  AND  READERS. 

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Ball's  German  Drill  Book.     Companion  to  any  grammar. 
Ball's  German  Grammar. 
Bishop  and  McKinlay's  Deutsche  Grammatik. 
Deutsches  Liederbuch.     With  music. 
Foster's  Geschichten  und  Marchen.     For  young  children. 
Fraser  and  Van  der  Smissen's  German  Grammar. 
Greenfield's  Grammar  Summary  and  Word  List. 
Guerber's  Marchen  und  Erzahlungen. 
Haertel  and  Cast's  Elements  of  Grammar  for  Review. 
Harris's  German  Composition. 
Harris's  German  Lessons. 
Hastings'  Studies  in  German  Words. 
Heath's  German  Dictionary. 
Hewitt's  Practical  German  Composition. 
Holzwarth's  Gruss  aus  Deutschland. 
Huebsch-Smith's  Progressive  Lessons  in  German. 
Huebsch-Smith's  Progressive  Lessons  in  German.    Rev. 

Huss's  German  Reader. 

Jones's  Des  Kindes  erstes  Lesebuch 

Joynes-Meissner  German  Grammar. 

Joynes  and  Wesselhoeft's  German  Grammar. 

Kriiger  and  Smith's  Conversation  Book. 

Manfred's  Ein  praktischer  Anfang. 

Meras'  Ein  Wortschatz. 

Mosher  and  Jenney's  Lern-  und  Lesebuch. 

Pattou's  An  American  in  Germany.     A  conversation  book. 

Schmidhofer's  Lese-tJbungen  fiir  Kinder. 

Schmidhofer's  Erstes  Lesebuch.  With  vocab., 

Schmidhofer's  Zweites  Lesebuch. 

Spanhoof d's  Elementarbuch  der  deutschen  Sprache. 

Spanhoofd's  Erstes  deutsches  Lesebuch. 

Spanhoofd's  Lehrbuch  der  deutschen  Sprache. 

Wallentin's  Grundziige  der  Naturlehre  (Palmer). 

Wesselhoeft's  Elementary  German  Grammar. 

Wesselhoeft's  Exercises.     Conversation  and  composition. 

Wesselhoeft's  German  Composition 

Zinnecker's  Deutsch  fiir  Anfanger. 


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Andersen's  Bilderbuch  ohne  Bilder  (Bernhardt).     Vocabulary. 

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Aus  der  Jugendzeit  (Betz).    Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

Baumbach's  Nicotiana  (Bernhardt).     Vocabulary. 

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Benedix's  Der  Prozess  (Wells).     Vocabulary. 

Benedix's  Nein  (Spanhoofd).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

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Bolt's  Peterli  am  Lift  (Betz).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

Campe's  Robinson  der  Jungere  (Ibershoff).     Vocabulary. 

Carmen  Sylva's  Aus  meinem  Konigreich  (Bernhardt).    Vocabulary. 

Die  Schildbiirger  (Betz).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

Der  Weg  zum  Gltick  (Bernhardt).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

Deutscher  Humor  aus  vier  Jahrhunderten  (Betz).  Vocab.  and  exercises. 
Elz's  Er  ist  nicht  eifersiichtig  (Wells).     Vocabulary. 
Gerstacker's  Germelshausen  (Lewis).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 
Goethe's  Das  Marchen  (Eggert).     Vocabulary. 
Grimm's  Marchen  and  Schiller's  Der  Taucher  (Van  der  Smissen). 
Hauff's  Das  kalte  Herz  (Van  der  Smissen).     Vocab.     Roman  type. 
Hauff's  Der  Zwerg  Nase  (Patzwald  and  Robson).     Vocab.  and  exs. 
Heyse's  L'Arrabbiata  (Deering-Bernhardt).     Vocab.  and  exercises. 
Heyse's  Niels  mit  der  offenen  Hand  (Joynes).     Vocab.  and  exercises. 
Hillern's  Hoher  als  die  Kirche  (Clary) .    Vocabulary  and  exercises. 
Leander's  Traumereien  (Van  der  Smissen).     Vocabulary. 
Munchhausen:  Reisen  und  Abenteuer  (Schmidt).     Vocabulary. 
Rosegger's  Der  Lex  von  Gutenhag  (Morgan).    Vocab.  and  exercises. 
Salomon's  Die  Geschichte  einer  Geige  (Tombo).    Vocab.  and  exercises. 
Schiller's  Der  Neffe  als  Onkel  (Beresford-Webb).     Vocabulary. 
Spyri's  Monider  Geissbub  (Guerber).     Vocabulary. 
Spyri's  Rosenresli  (Boll).     Vocabulary. 

Spyri's  Was  der  Grossmutter  Lehre  bewirkt  (Barrows).  Vocab.  and  exs. 
Storm's  Geschichten  aus  der  Tonne  (Vogel).     Vocab.  and  exs. 
Storm's  Immensee  (Bernhardt).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 
Storm's  In  St.  Jiirgen  (Wright).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 
Storm's  Pole  Poppenspaler  (Bernhardt).     Vocab.  and  exercises. 
Till  Eulenspiegel  (Betz).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 
Volkmann's  Kleine  Geschichten  (Bernhardt).     Vocabulary. 
Zschokke's  Der  zerbrochene  Krug  (Joynes).    Vocabulary  and  exercises. 


Ifoeatb's  flDofcern  Xanouaoe  Series 

INTERMEDIATE  GERMAN  TEXTS.     (Partial  List.) 

Arndt,  Deutsche  Patrioten  (Colwell) .     Vocabulary. 

Benedix's  Die  Hochzeitsreise  (Schiefferdecker) .     Vocabulary. 

Bohlau's  Ratsmadelgeschichten  (Haevernick).     Vocabulary. 

Chamisso's  Peter  Schlemihl  (Primer) .     Vocabulary. 

Deutsche  Gedichte  und  Lieder  (Roedder  and  Purin) .     Vocabulary. 

Eichendorff 's  Aus  dem  Leben  eines  Taugenichts  (Osthaus) .     Vocab. 

Ernst's  Asmus  Sempers  Jugendland  (Osthaus).    Vocabulary. 

Goethe's  Hermann  und  Dorothea  (Adams).     Vocabulary. 

Goethe's  Sesenheim  (Huss).    From  Die htung  und  Wahrheit.     Vocab. 

Hauff's  Lichtenstein  (Vogel).     Abridged. 

Heine's  Die  Harzreise  (Vos).     Vocabulary. 

Hoffmann's  Historische  Erzahlungen  (Beresford-Webb). 

Jensen's  Die  braune  Erica  (Joynes).     Vocabulary. 

Keller's  Fahnlein  der  sieben  Aufrechten  (Howard) .     Vocabulary. 

Keller's  Romeo  und  Julia  auf  dem  Dorfe  (Adams).     Vocabulary. 

Lambert's  Alltagliches.     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

Lohmeyer's  Geissbub  von  Engelberg  (Bernhardt).     Vocab.  and  exs. 

Lyrics  and  Ballads  (Hatfield) . 

Meyer's  Gustav  Adolf s  Page  (Heller). 

Mosher's  Willkommen  in  Deutschland.     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

Novelletten-Bibliothek  (Bernhardt).     Vol.  I,  Vol.  II, 

Raabe's  Eulenpfingsten  (Lambert).     Vocabulary. 

Riehl's  Burg  Neideck  (Jonas).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

Rogge's  Der  grosse  Preussenkonig  (Adams).     Vocabulary. 

Schiller's  Der  Geisterseher  (Joynes).     Vocabulary. 

Schiller's  Dreissigjahriger  Krieg  (Prettyman).     Book  III. 

Selections  for  Sight  Translation  (Mondan). 

Shorter  German  Poems  (Hatfield).     Vocabulary. 

Spielhagen's  Das  Skelett  im  Hause  (Skinner) .     Vocabulary. 

Stifter's  Das  Haidedorf  (Heller). 

Stokl's  Alle  fiinf  (Bernhardt).     Vocab.  and  exercises. 

Unter  dem  Christbaum  (Bernhardt). 

Wildenbruch's  Das  edle  Blut  (Schmidt).     Vocab.  and  exercises. 

Wildenbruch's  Der  Letzte  (Schmidt).     Vocab.  and  exercises. 

Wildenbruch's  Neid  (Prettyman).     Vocabulary. 

Zschokke's  Das  Abenteuer  der  Neujahrsnacht  (Handschin) .     Vocab. 

Zschokke's  Das  Wirtshaus  zu  Cransac  (Joynes).     Vocab.  and  exs. 


t>eatb's  flDofcern  Xanguage  Series 

INTERMEDIATE  GERMAN  TEXTS.     (Partial  List.) 

Arnold's  April  wetter  (Fossler).     Vocabulary. 

Arnold's  Fritz  auf  Ferien  (Spanhoofd).     Vocab.  and  exercises. 

Arnold's  Menne  im  Seebad  (Thomas).     Vocab.  and  exercises. 

Auf  der  Sonnenseite  (Bernhardt).     Vocabulary. 

Baumbach's  Das  Habichtsfraulein  (Bernhardt).     Vocab.  and  exs. 

Baumbach's  Der  Schwiegersohn  (Bernhardt).  Vocabulary, 

Baumbach's  Die  Nonna  (Bernhardt).     Vocabulary. 

Drei  kleine  Lustspiele  (Wells).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

Ebner-Eschenbach's  Die  Freiherren  von  Gemperlein  (Hohlfeld). 

Freytag's  Die  Journalisten  (Toy).     Vocabulary. 

Frommel's  Eingeschneit  (Bernhardt).     Vocabulary. 

Frommel's  Mit  Ranzel  und  Wanderstab  (Bernhardt) .    Vocab.  and  exs. 

Fulda's  Der  Talisman   (Prettyman).    Vocabulary. 

Gerstacker's  Der  Wilddieb   (Myers).  Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

Gerstacker's  Irrfahrten  (Sturm).     Vocabulary. 

Grillparzer's  Der  arme  Spielmann  (Howard).     Vocabulary. 

Heyse's  Das  Madchen  von  Treppi  (Joynes).     Vocab.  and  exercises. 

Heyse's  Hochzeit  auf  Capri  (Bernhardt).     Vocab.  and  exercises. 

Hoffmann's  Gymnasium  zu  Stolpenburg  (Buehner).     Vocabulary. 

Keller's  Die  drei  gerechten  Kammacher  (Collings).     Vocabulary. 

Keller's  Kleider  machen  Leute  (Lambert).     Vocabulary. 

Liliencron's  Anno  1870  (Bernhardt).     Vocabulary. 

Moser's  Der  Bibliothekar  (Wells) .     Vocabulary. 

Moser's  Kbpnickerstrasse  120  (Wells). 

Riehl's  Das  Spielmannskind  (Eaton).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

Riehl's  Der  Fluch  der  Schonheit  (Thomas).     Vocabulary. 

Schiller's  Das  Lied  von  der  Glocke  (Chamberlin).     Vocabulary. 

Schiller's  Jungfrau  von  Orleans  (Wells).    Illus.    Vocab., 

Schiller's  Maria  Stuart  (Rhoades).     Illustrated.  Vocab., 

Schiller's  Wilhelm  Tell  (Deering).     Illustrated.     Vocab. , 

Seidel:  Aus  goldenen  Tagen  (Bernhardt).     Vocab.  and  exercises. 

Seidel's  Leberecht  Hiihnchen  (Spanhoofd).     Vocabulary. 

Selections  for  Sight  Translation  (Deering). 

Stern's  Die  Wiedertaufer  (Sturm).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

Stille  Wasser  (Bernhardt).     Three  tales.     Vocabulary. 

Wichert's  Als  Verlobte  empfehlen  sich  (Flom).    Vocabulary. 

Wilbrandt's  Das  Urteil  des  Paris  (Wirt). 


Ibeatb's  /l&ofcern  ^Language  Series 

ADVANCED  GERMAN  TEXTS      (Partial  List.) 

Dahn's  Ein  Kampf  um  Rom  (Wenckebach).     Abridged. 

Dakn's  Sigwalt  und  Sigridh  (Schmidt). 

Deutsche  Reden  (Tombo). 

Ein  Charakterbild  von  Deutscniand  (Evans  and  Merhaut). 

Frenssen's  Jorn  Uhl  (Florer). 

Freytag's  Aus  dem  Jahrhundert  des  grossen  Krieges  (Rhoades) . 

Freytag's  Aus  dem  Staat  Friedrichs  des  Grossen  (Hagar). 

Freytag's  Das  Nest  der  Zaunkonige  (Roedder  and  Handschin). 

Freytag's  Rittmeister  von  Alt-Rosen  (Hatfield). 

Freytag's  Soil  und  Haben  (Files).    Abridged. 

Goethe's  Dichtung  und  Wahrheit  (I-IV).    Buchheim. 

Goethe's  Egmont  (Hatfield). 

Goethe's  Faust  (Thomas). 

Goethe's  Hermann  und  Dorothea  (Hewett). 

Goethe's  Iphigenie  (Rhoades). 

Goethe's  Meisterwerke  (Bernhardt). 

Goethe's  Poems  (Harris). 

Goethe's  Torquato  Tasso  (Thomas). 

Grillparzer's  Der  Traum,  ein  Leben  (Meyer). 

Hebbel's  Agnes  Bernauer  (Evans). 

Heine's  Poems  (White). 

Herzog's  Die  Burgkinder  (Boetzkes).    Abridged.    Vocabulary. 

Komer's  Zriny    (Holzwarth). 

Lessing's  Emilia  Galotti  (Winkler). 

Lessing's  Minna  von  Barnhelm  (Primer).  With  vocabulary, 

Lessing's  Nathan  der  Weise  (Primer). 

Ludwig's  Zwischen  Himmel  und  Erde  (Meyer). 

Meyer's  Jiirg  Jenatsch    (Kenngott).     Abridged. 

Morike's  Mozart  auf  der  Reise  nach  Prag  (Howard). 

Scheffel's  Ekkehard  (Wenckebach).     Abridged. 

Scheffel's  Trompeter  von  Sakkingen  (Wenckebach).    Abridged. 

Schiller's  Ballads    (Johnson). 

Schiller's  Wallensteins  Tod  (Eggert). 

Sudermann's  Der  Katzensteg  (Wells).    Abridged.     Glossary. 

Sudermann's  Frau  Sorge  (Leser  and  Osthaus).    Vocabulary. 

Sudermann's  Heimat  (Schmidt). 

Sudermann's  Johannes  (Schmidt). 

Sudermann's  Teja  (Ford).     Vocabulary. 

Thomas's  German  Anthology. 

Wildenbruch's  Die  Rabensteinerin  (Ford). 

Wildenbruch's  Harold  (Eggert). 


fceatb's  /iDofcern  Xanguage  Series 

FRENCH  GRAMMARS,  READERS,  ETC. 

Armand's  Grammaire  Elementaire. 
Blanchaud's  Progressive  French  Idioms. 
Bouvet's  Exercises  in  French  Syntax  and  Composition. 
Bowen's  First  Scientific  French  Reader. 
Bruce's  Dictees  Francaises. 
Bruce's  Grammaire  Francaise. 
Bruce's  Lectures  Faciles. 
Capus's  Pour  Charmer  nos  Petits. 
Chapuzet  and  Daniels'  Mes  Premiers  Pas  en  Francais. 
Clarke's  Subjunctive  Mood.    An  inductive  treatise,  with  exercises- 
Comfort's  Exercises  in  French  Prose  Composition. 
Davies's  Elementary  Scientific  French  Reader. 
Edgren's  Compendious  French  Grammar. 
Fontaine's  En  France. 
Fontaine's  Lectures  Courantes. 
Fontaine's  Livre  de  Lecture  et  de  Conversation. 
Fraser  and  Squair's  Abridged  French  Grammar. 
Fraser  and  Squair's  Complete  French  Grammar. 
Fraser  and  Squair's  Shorter  French  Course. 
French  Verb  Blank  (Fraser  and  Squair) . 
Grandgent's  Essentials  of  French  Grammar. 
Grandgent's  French  Composition. 
Grandgent's  Short  French  Grammar. 
Heath's  French  Dictionary. 
Henin's  Methode. 

Hotchkiss's  Le  Premier  Livre  de  Francais. 
Knowles  and  Favard's  Grammaire  de  la  Conversation. 
Mansion's  Exercises  in  French  Composition. 
Mansion's  First  Year  French.     For  young  beginners. 
Martin's  Essentials  of  French  Pronunciation. 
Martin  and  Russell's  At  West  Point. 
Meras'  Le  Petit  Vocabulaire. 
Pattern's  Causeries  en  France. 
Pellissier's  Idiomatic   French  Composition. 
Perfect  French  Possible  (Knowles  and  Favard). 
Prisoners  of  the  Temple  (Guerber).     For  French  composition. 
Roux's  Lessons  in  Grammar  and  Composition,  based  on  Colomba 
Schenck's  French  Verb  Forms. 
Snow  and  Lebon's  Easy  French. 

Story  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  (Guerber) ,     For  French  composition. 
Super's  Preparatory  French  Reader. 


Deatb'8  flDooern  ^Language  Series 

ELEMENTARY  FRENCH  TEXTS. 

Assolant's  Recits  de  la  Vieille  France.    Notes  by  E.  B.  Wauton. 

Berthet's  Le  Pacte  de  Famine  (Dickinson). 

Bruno's  Les  Enfants  Patriotes  (Lyon).     Vocabulary. 

Bruno's  Tour  de  la  France  par  deux  Enfants  (Fontaine).    Vocabulary 

Claretie's  Pierrille  (Francois).     Vocab.  and  exs. 

Daudet's  Trois  Contes  Choisis  (Sanderson).    Vocabulary. 

Desnoyers'  Jean-Paul  Choppart  (Fontaine).    Vocab.  and  exs. 

Enault's  Le  Chi  en  du  Capitaine  (Fontaine).     Vocabulary. 

Erckma nn-Chatrian's  Le  Conscrit  de  1813  (Super).    Vocabulary. 

Erckmann-Chatrian's  L'Histoire  d'un  Paysan  (Lyon). 

Erckmann-Cha  trian's  Le  Juif  Polonais  (Manley).    Vocabulary. 

Erckmann-Chatrian's  Madame  Therese  (Manley).     Vocabulary. 

Fabliaux  et  Contes  du  Moyen  Age  (Mansion).    Vocabulary. 

France's  Abe  ill  e  (Lebon). 

French  Fairy  Tales  (Joynes).    Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

French  Plays  for  Children  (Spink).    Vocabulary. 

Gervais's  Un  Cas  de  Conscience  (Horsley).    Vocabulary. 

La  Bedolliere's  La  Mere  Michel  et  son  Chat  (Lyon).    Vocabulary. 

Labiche's  La  Gramma  ire  (Levi).    Vocabulary. 

Labiche's  La  Poudre  aux  Yeux  (Wells).    Vocabulary. 

Labiche's  Le  Voyage  de  M.  Perrichon  (Wells).    Vocab.  and  exs. 

Laboulaye's  Contes  Bleus  (Fontaine).    Vocabulary. 

La  Main  Malheureuse  (Guerber).    Vocabulary. 

Laurie's  M6moires  d'un  Collegien  (Super).     Vocab.  and  exs. 

Legouve  and  Labiche's  Cigale  chez  les  Fourmis  (Witherby). 

Lemaitre,  Contes  (Rensch).     Vocabulary. 

Mairet's  La  Tache  du  Petit  Pierre  (Super).    Vocab.  and  exa 

Maistre's  La  Jeune  Siberienne  (Fontaine).    Vocab.  and  exs. 

Malot's  Sans  Famille  (Spiers).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

Meilhac  and  Halevy's  L'Ete  de  la  St.  Martin  (Francois)      Vocab. 

Moinaux's  Les  deux  Sourds  (Spiers).    Vocabulary. 

Muller's  Grandes  Decouvertes  Modernes.    Vocabulary. 

Recits  de  Guerre  et  de  Revolution  (Minssen).    Vocabulary. 

Recits  Historiques  (Moffett).     Vocabulary  and  exercises. 

Saintine's  Picciola  (Super).     Vocabulary. 

Segur's  Les  Malheurs  de  Sophie  (White).    Vocab.  and  exs. 

Selections  for  Sight  Translation  (Bruce). 

Verne's  L'ExpSdition  de  la  Jeune-Hardie  (Lyon) .    Vocabulary0 


t>eatb'5  /IDofcern  Slanguage  Series 

INTERMEDIATE  FRENCH  TEXTS.     (Partial  List.) 
About's  La  Mere  de  la  Marquise  (Brush).     Vocabulary. 
About's  Le  Roi  des  Montagnes  (Logie).  With  vocab. 

Balzac:  Cinq  Scenes  de  la  Comedie  Humaine  (Wells).    Glossary. 
Balzac's  Eugenie  Grande t  (Spiers).     Vocabulary. 
Balzac's  Le  Cure  de  Tours  (Super).     Vocabulary. 
Chateaubriand's  Atala  (Kuhns).     Vocabulary. 
Contes  des  Romanciers  Naturalistes  (Dow  and  Skinner).    Vocab. 
Daudet's  La  Belle -Nivernaise  (Boielle).     Vocabulary. 
Daudet's  Le  Petit  Chose  (Super).     Vocabulary. 
Daudet's  Tartarin  de  Tarascon  (Hawkins).     Vocabulary. 
Dumas's  Due  de  Beaufort  (Kitchen).     Vocabulary. 
Dumas's  La  Question  d' Argent  (Henning) .     Vocabulary. 
Dumas's  La  Tulipe  Noire  (Fontaine).  With  vocabulary. 

Dumas's  Les  Trois  Mousquetaires  (Spiers).    Vocabulary. 
Dumas's  Monte-Cristo  (Spiers).     Vocabulary. 
Feuillet's  Roman  d'un  jeune  homme  pauvre  (Bruner) .    Vocabulary,, 
Gautier's  Voyage  en  Espagne  (Steel). 
Greville's  Dosia  (Hamilton).    Vocabulary. 
Hugo's  Bug  Jargal  (Boielle). 

Hugo's  La  Chute.     From  Les  Miserables  (Huss).    Vocabulary. 
Hugo's  Quatre-vingt-treize  (Fontaine).    Vocabulary. 
Labiche's  La  Cagnotte  (Farnsworth). 
La  Brete's  Mon  Oncle  et  mon  Cure  (Colin).    Vocabulary. 
Lamartine's  Graziella  (Warren). 
Lamartine's  Jeanne  d'Arc  (Barrere).     Vocabulary. 
Lamartine's  Scenes  de  la  Revolution  Francaise  (Super).    Vocab. 
Lesage's  Gil  Bias  (Sanderson). 

Maupassant:  Huit  Contes  Choisis  (White).     Vocabulary. 
Michelet:  Eztraits  del'histoire  de  France  (Wright). 
Musset:  Trois  Comedies  (McKenzie). 
Sarcey's  Le  Siege  de  Paris  (Spiers).     Vocabulary. 
Taine's  L'Ancien  Regime  (Giese).     Vocabulary. 
Theuriet's  Bigarreau  (Fontaine).     Vocab.  and  exercises. 
Tocqueville's  Voyage  en  Amerique  (Ford).    Vocabulary* 
Vigny's  Cinq-Mars  (Sankey).     Abridged. 
Vigny's  Le  Cachet  Rouge  (Fortier). 
Vigny's  La  Canne  de  Jonc  (Spiers). 
Voltaire's  Zadig  (Babbitt).     Vocabulary  . 


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